Browsing by Author "Kooyman, Brian P."
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Item Open Access A tale of chert with a side of shell: the preceramic occupation of Antigua, West Indies(2005) de Mille, Christy Nicole; Kooyman, Brian P.Alone of the Lesser Antillean islands, Antigua has a rich Preceramic archaeological record. The goal of this dissertation has been to develop our understanding of the Antiguan Preceramic through the synthesis and interpretation of available data. The data for this dissertation came from two main sources. The first is from excavations undertaken at the site of North Crabb's Bay. The second is a dataset collected by researcher Bruce Nodine. Site location on the island is heavily biased toward the northeastern coastline that offers the best marine resources and the closest access to the main chert source. Investigation of the Preceramic subsistence remains from Antigua reveals a pattern reproduced in many of the other Preceramic sites in the Lesser Antilles. Data from Antigua confirm previous models of a marine oriented subsistence strategy focussed on shellfish. A consistently observed pattern is a high degree of species selectivity displayed in the assemblages. It is suggested that little resource stress allowed these people to be highly selective. There is a long-term pattern of living well on the island and on other neighbouring islands as well. Antigua has abundant evidence of large blade production, rare outside of the Greater Antilles. Technological analysis undertaken here indicated a regularised and consistently patterned method of producing large percussion blades. A distinctive core maintenance flake appears characteristic of Preceramic blade production. The structured lithic production is not found in the tool assemblage. Generally, the expedient nature of the identified tools indicates a strategy of tool selection/use based on usable edges, as opposed to retouch toward a specific form. The correlation of the presence of blade production in areas like Antigua and the Greater Antilles that have the raw material to support such an industry is too perfect to be coincidental. It is possible that blade technology was part of the overall Preceramic cultural repertoire and was practiced in regions that had the raw material to support blade production. The lithic technological analysis presented here forms the basis upon which future work, as well as comparisons with other islands, can be attempted.Item Open Access Archaeology of the Invisible: Phytolith Analysis at the Cluny Fortified Village (EePf-1)(2018-09-19) Dowkes, Shalcey; Walde, Dale; Kooyman, Brian P.; Gerlach, S. Craig; Oetelaar, Gerald A.; Chee-Tak Yeung, EdwardThe Cluny Fortified Village site (EePf-1) is the only known fortified village on the Canadian Plains. Archaeologically, the main cultural layer indicates patterns that are not commonly seen elsewhere on the Plains. Many of the larger questions about the people of this site are largely left unanswered, and the experimentation of different methods can offer new perspectives to complement the ongoing excavations at the site. Phytolith analysis has not been extensively explored at the site and can offer perspectives about the presence of natural and cultural signatures. Phytolith analysis has been combined with charcoal analysis and used to explore queries regarding cultural signatures as well as the present and past environment. Three preliminary projects provided opportunities to refine the appropriate laboratory methods for this project which ultimately improved the overall phytolith counts. Over the course of the 2015 and 2016 field seasons at the Cluny Fortified Village matrix samples from both occupational layers were sampled as well as several hearth and non-hearth features. In 2016, a larger scaled survey was conducted to collect samples from the area surrounding the site. These samples form the natural control that will be compared against cultural samples. The Old Women’s Phase site of DkPi-2 (Junction Site) was used as a contemporary cultural comparative. Both phytolith and charcoal sample analyzed were provided by Lifeways of Canada Ltd. A total of 71 phytolith samples and 70 charcoal samples were analyzed. Results are indicative of a stable grassland that has seen little change over the past 300 years. Poaceae grasses are dominant amongst the datasets, with other families contributing less. Through examining phytoliths of productive plants in an archaeological context, a possible cultural signature may be presence.Item Open Access Bison ethology and native settlement patterns during the old women's phase on the northwestern plains(2001) Peck, Trevor Richard; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Cheek tooth morphology and ancient mitochondrial DNA of late Pleistocene horses from the western interior of North America: Implications for the taxonomy of North American Late Pleistocene Equus(PLoS ONE, 2017-08-17) Barron-Ortiz, Christina I.; Rodrigues, Antonia T.; Theodor, Jessica M.; Kooyman, Brian P.; Yang, Dongya Y.; Speller, Camilla F.Horses were a dominant component of North American Pleistocene land mammal communities and their remains are well represented in the fossil record. Despite the abundant material available for study, there is still considerable disagreement over the number of species of Equus that inhabited the different regions of the continent and on their taxonomic nomenclature. In this study, we investigated cheek tooth morphology and ancient mtDNA of late Pleistocene Equus specimens from the Western Interior of North America, with the objective of clarifying the species that lived in this region prior to the end-Pleistocene extinction. Based on the morphological and molecular data analyzed, a caballine (Equus ferus) and a non-caballine (E. conversidens) species were identified from different localities across most of the Western Interior. A second non-caballine species (E. cedralensis) was recognized from southern localities based exclusively on the morphological analyses of the cheek teeth. Notably the separation into caballine and non-caballine species was observed in the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of ancient mtDNA as well as in the geometric morphometric analyses of the upper and lower premolars. Teeth morphologically identified as E. conversidens that yielded ancient mtDNA fall within the New World stilt-legged clade recognized in previous studies and this is the name we apply to this group. Geographic variation in morphology in the caballine species is indicated by statistically different occlusal enamel patterns in the specimens from Bluefish Caves, Yukon Territory, relative to the specimens from the other geographic regions. Whether this represents ecomorphological variation and/or a certain degree of geographic and genetic isolation of these Arctic populations requires further study.Item Open Access Dental Polish as an Indicator of Seasonality and Applications to Archaeological Bison from Southern Alberta(2018-09-05) Ewald, Tatyanna; Kooyman, Brian P.; Walde, Dale; Mather, Charles M.This thesis evaluates dental polish in archaeological bison as a means of determining season of death for these specimens. Dental polish analysis techniques are created and applied to bison teeth to assess polish signatures left by grasses with varying moisture and exogenous grit to infer the season at death for these specimens, as moisture and grit content vary seasonally. Correlations of dental polish with seasonal patterns are identified based on modern observation and collection of local grasses, which identified four distinct seasonal categories within southern Alberta based on these variables. Dental polish of bison from EePf-1 and EgPn-440 are examined, allowing for assessment of a seasonality of death for these individuals. These interpretations determined that EePf-1 may have been recurrently used during the spring and summer months, and that the assemblage from EgPn-440 represents at least three, distinct occupations, two in the fall and one in the spring.Item Open Access Dorset paleoeskimo warm season adaptations in Newfoundland and Labrador(2010) Hartery, Latonia; Kooyman, Brian P.; Dawson, PeterItem Open Access EgPn-440: a late prehistoric bison pound on the northwestern plains(2000) Tischer, Jennifer C.; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Geophysical Surveys and Spatial Analysis: Late Prehistoric Period Site Patterning at the Junction Site (DkPi-2)(2020-06-18) Patton, Margaret Maurine; Freeman, Andrea K. L.; Kooyman, Brian P.; Oetelaar, Gerald A.; Moorman, Brian J.; Dalan, Rinita A.To understand the bigger picture of how people organized their space in Late Prehistoric Period camps, we need to look at large areas and examine the feature placement as people define the space around them. While excavations are often limited to small areas due to time and cost, geophysical surveys provide a method of examining large areas of a site relatively quickly and at relatively low cost. Extensive geophysical surveys at the Junction Site (DkPi-2) examined 7.9 hectares with magnetometry and 1 hectare with ground penetrating radar, revealing several types of anomalies in various configurations extending across large portions of the site. Within the magnetic data, anomaly groups form clusters, lines, and other arrangements that hint at the underlying spatial organization of activities at Junction. Excavation by Lifeways of Canada, Ltd. in 2017 and 2018 confirmed several anomalies as archaeological, revealing hearths, roasting pits, piles of fire broken rock, and other features. Anomalies are assessed using spatial analysis methods to identify patterns and clustering, connecting anomaly groups to potential archaeological feature arrangements. In addition, matrix samples from archaeological features and exposed profiles provide a geoarchaeological background to the site, improving the interpretation of the magnetic surveys by characterizing feature types in terms of magnetic susceptibility, particle size, loss on ignition, conductivity, and pH. Archaeological feature patterning at Junction varies depending on the area of the site and its underlying use: processing camp areas have a denser concentration of magnetic anomalies, linear patterns, and anomaly pairs, while winter domestic camp areas have fewer anomalies, but regularly spaced linear alignments. The linear alignments in the winter camp areas most likely represent internal lodge hearths with the lodges aligned parallel to topographic features. This project demonstrates the applicability of magnetometry on Northwestern Plains sites as well as the presence of patterning at Junction (DkPi-2) during the Late Prehistoric Period. Combined with the excavation data, the patterns hint at the spatial organization of the site and provide clues to the use of space by Old Women’s phase people in winter campsites and processing camps.Item Open Access Human adaptation, food production, and cultural interaction during the formative period in highland Ecuador(2012) Zarrillo, Sonia; Raymond, J. Scott; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Late quaternary geoarchaeology of the Lauder sandhills, southwestern Manitoba, Canada(2000) Boyd, Matthew James; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Meat on the table A zooarchaeological analysis of meat consumption and foodways at the Bar U Ranch, 1882-1950 by Kristi Benson(2001) Benson, Kristi; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Metis faunal remains and variables in archaeological butchering pattern analysis(1981) Kooyman, Brian P.; Forbis, Richard G.Archaeologists have not generally utilized faunal remins resulting from subsistence activities to their best advantage in interpreting past cultural systems. This is mainly due to the absence of an objective system of analysis whereby the relevant information can be elicited. The present study examines the major factors acting upon the faunal remains in archaeological sites and postulates the configurations these remains would take when subjected to alteration by these factors in their various states. A methodology is proposed that serves to isolate each variable for separate analysis so that its impact upon the faunal material can be individually assessed. The validity of these techniques of analysis is tested by use of a control .archaeological sample where the states of the variables are largely known due to the presence of documentary records. The archaeological sites are three Metis settlements from the Canadian Plains. The applicability of the techniques is generally corroborated. The study indicates that states of variables pertaining to the logistics of procurement, to the procedures employed for processing the subsistence resource, and to many of the aspects of the social structure of the community under consideration, can be deduced from patterning in faunal remains.Item Open Access Paleoethnobotany of the Upper Churchill River(2005) Dersch, Ave Tressa; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Paleoethnobotany on the Northern Plains: the Tuscany archaeological site (EgPn-377), Calgary(2002) Siegfried, Evelyn Vicky; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Past, present, and future land use of Swan River First Nation(2011) Dersch, Ave Tressa; Kooyman, Brian P.; Yeung, Edward C.Item Open Access Prehistoric stone tool use and manufacture at the Ha'atuatua Dune site, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia(1996) Kahn, Jennifer G.; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Protohistoric butchering at four Oldman River Dam reservoir sites(1995) Lensen, Shari Lynne; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Item Open Access Research in plains taphonomy: the manipulation of faunal assemblages by scavengers(1987) Garvin, Richard D. (Richard Douglas), 1957-; Kooyman, Brian P.Item Open Access Size matters: an analysis of intrasite variability of lithic debitage assemblages from Tasiarulik, a late Dorset habitation site(1999) Sturgess, Matthew David Richard; Kooyman, Brian P.