Browsing by Author "Lackenbauer, P. Whitney"
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- ItemOpen AccessChina's Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada(University of Calgary Press, 2018-01) Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Lajeunesse, Adam; Manicom, James; Lasserre, FrédéricChina’s Arctic Ambitions and What They Mean for Canada is one of the first in-depth studies of China’s increasing interest in the Arctic. It offers a holistic approach to understanding Chinese motivations and the potential impacts of greater Chinese presence in the circumpolar region, exploring resource development, shipping, scientific research, governance, and security. Drawing on extensive research in Chinese government documentation, business and media reports, and current academic literature, this timely volume eschews the traditional assumption that Chinese actions are unified and monolithic in their approach to Arctic affairs. Instead, it offers a careful analysis of the different and often competing, interests and priorities of Chinese government and industry. Analyzing Chinese interests and activities from a Canadian perspective, the book provides an unparalleled point of reference to discuss the implications for the Canadian and broader circumpolar North.
- ItemOpen AccessA historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939(University of Calgary Press, 2014) Smith, Gordon W.; Lackenbauer, P. WhitneyGordon W. Smith, PhD, dedicated much of his life to researching Canada’s sovereignty in the Arctic. His 1952 dissertation from Columbia University on “The Historical and Legal Background of Canada’s Arctic Claims” remains a foundational work on the topic, as does his 1966 chapter “Sovereignty in the North: The Canadian Aspect of an International Problem” in R. St. J. Macdonald’s The Arctic Frontier. A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North is the first in a project to edit and publish Smith’s unpublished opus – a manuscript on sovereignty and related Law of the Sea issues. Researched and written over three decades, this comprehensive and thoroughly documented study offers important insights into evolving understandings of Canada’s sovereignty from the original transfers of the northern territories to the young dominion through the start of the Second World War. With Arctic issues once again at the forefront of public debate, this invaluable resource – available to researchers outside of government for the first time – explains how Canada laid the historical and legal foundations to support its longstanding, well-established sovereignty over Arctic lands.
- ItemOpen AccessThe Joint Arctic Weather Stations: Science and Sovereignty in the High Arctic, 1946-1972(University of Calgary Press, 2022-04) Heidt, Daniel; Lackenbauer, P. WhitneyThe first comprehensive study of the Canada-U.S. Joint Arctic Weather Stations, systematically analyzing large- and small-scale aspects from scientific diplomacy to site logistics to understand how these isolated posts were so successful. This is the first systematic account of the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS), a collaborative science program between Canada and the United States that created a distinctive state presence in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago from 1946-1972. These five meteorological stations, constructed at Eureka, Resolute, Isachsen, Mould Bay, and Alert, became remote hubs for science and sovereignty, revealing the possibilities and limits of modernity in the High Arctic. Drawing on extensive archival evidence, unpublished personal memoirs, and interviews with former JAWS personnel, this book systematically analyzes the diplomatic, scientific, social, environmental, and civil-military dimensions of this binational program. From the corridors of power in Washington and Ottawa to everyday life at the small outposts, The Joint Arctic Weather Stations explores delicate statecraft, changing scientific practices, as well as the distinctive station cultures that emerged as humans coped with isolation in polar environments.
- ItemOpen AccessMaking Sense of the Arctic: U.S.-Canadian Foreign and Defense Relations and the Establishment of JAWS and the DEW Line, 1944-1957(2018-04-10) Woitkowitz, John; Randall, Stephen J.; Huebert, Robert N.; Dolata, Petra; Towers, Frank; Ferris, John Robert; Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Keeley, James F.This dissertation examines the diplomatic history of U.S.-Canadian foreign and defense relations in the Arctic from 1944 to 1957. World War II and the emerging Cold War transformed the Northern and Arctic regions of North America from a peripheral region of international politics to a frontline of military planning. The Cold War confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States, the advent of the nuclear age, and the advancements in the field of long-range aviation fixed foreign policy and continental defense planners’ attention on Northern and Arctic Canada, devising plans for the establishment of the Joint Arctic Weather Stations (JAWS) in 1947 and the Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line in 1955. This study analyzes the origins, negotiations, and the construction of these Northern defense projects at the intersection of an emerging Cold War security crisis, an evolving legal landscape for Arctic sovereignty, and conceptions of the Arctic as a symbolic marker in the construction of Northern nationalisms. Existing studies of the JAWS and DEW Line talks by historians Shelagh Grant, Whitney Lackenbauer, Alexander Herd, and Peter Kikkert discuss these defense projects within the framework of sovereignty and security. More recent studies have adopted epistemological perspectives, exploring the construction of Arctic knowledge. This dissertation builds on this literature and contributes an analysis of the ideas and perceptions that guided key decision makers in Ottawa and Washington during the bilateral talks. By exploring unpublished personal papers and re-examining the ministerial records of Canada and the United States with a new research focus, this thesis explores how global and national conceptions of Arctic defense interacted with bureaucratic cultures within the Canadian and American foreign and defense establishments. Moreover, this study sheds new light on the relationship between non-governmental actors such as explorers, artists, novelists, and scientists and the realm of diplomacy and foreign policy-making. At the intersection of security, sovereignty, and nationalism, this dissertation, therefore, provides a fresh perspective on the way foreign and defense officials in Ottawa and Washington made sense of a rapidly changing international security situation and managed a yet nascent defense relationship in Northern and Arctic Canada.
- ItemOpen AccessVanishing Indian, vanishing military: military training and aboriginal lands in twentieth century Canada(2003) Lackenbauer, P. Whitney; Bercuson, David JayIn recent years, the closure or reduction of Canadian Forces facilities, the continued use of airspace for weapons testing and low-level flying, increased environmental awareness, and Aboriginal land claims have contributed to a growing interest in the acquisition, use and development of Aboriginal lands for military training. This dissertation explores how the military's interest in Aboriginal lands and concomitant relationships evolved through the twentieth century, using a comparative case study approach that includes various Aboriginal groups, geographic regions, and time periods. Drawing upon untapped archival sources, interviews, primary reports, and secondary literature, the case studies critically examine the land selection and acquisition process, expressions of communal and individual agency, and a myriad of political, socio-economic and environmental legacies stemming from military use. The final section explores the emergence of Native land claims in historical context and the consequent effects on relationships and memory. The results challenge prevailing depictions of the various participants, providing an important commentary on war and society in Canada that yields insight into conflict and cooperation in changing national and local historical contexts. Chapters one to five introduce relationships between the militia, the Department of Indian Affairs, and Indian bands from the turn of the century to 1939. In an era dominated by notions of the "vanishing Indian" and the idea that "surplus" reserve lands near growing cities represented an impediment to national and civic progress, local authorities overseeing the militia's expansion sometimes looked to nearby Indian reserves to meet training needs in an inexpensive and accessible way. The following two case studies deal with military training on Indian reserves during the Second World War, assessing the receptiveness of communities to military plans and the dynamics of federal decision-making in wartime. During the ensuing Cold War, operational requirements expanded and contracted in several cycles. Chapters eight to ten explore how competing interests in Indian reserves and traditional territories and shifting political priorities influenced new and pre-existing relationships between federal officials and Aboriginal communities. For a "vanishing military," the rise of Aboriginal activism brought new challenges, questions, and heightened pressures for change in the last three decades of the century.