Browsing by Author "Madigan, Sheri"
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Item Embargo Adolescent Dating Violence and Healthcare Interventions: A Systematic Scoping Review(2024-07-30) Vijh, Ruchi; Exner-Cortens, Deinera Marea; Madigan, Sheri; Noel, Melanie ElizabethAdolescent dating violence (ADV) is a significant public health problem globally. Experiencing ADV is associated with several short- and long-term physical and psychological adverse health outcomes. Therefore, it is crucial to implement prevention and intervention strategies to address ADV in settings that serve adolescents. One natural point of contact is healthcare settings, as adolescents may present to these settings due to health concerns related to ADV exposure. Thus, healthcare providers are well-positioned to engage in ADV prevention and intervention strategies. However, little is known about the state of the science for how adolescent healthcare providers can participate in ADV prevention and intervention approaches, as well as the potential barriers healthcare providers may face when incorporating such strategies into their practice. To advance understanding, a systematic scoping review was conducted to summarize current evidence on 1) ADV prevention and intervention strategies in healthcare settings, and 2) healthcare provider perspectives on implementing these strategies. This review included peer-reviewed articles published in English from any time until September 2023. After excluding duplicates, the search yielded 5786 articles, 11 of which met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Overall, there were only a few studies on ADV preventive interventions designed for implementation in various healthcare settings. Common barriers identified to implementing ADV prevention and intervention strategies included limited time, training, and resources. Facilitators of implementation included ADV response protocols or guidelines and working in collaborative teams. This systematic scoping review demonstrates that further research is needed to develop and evaluate ADV prevention and intervention strategies in healthcare settings, and to understand barriers to implementing these strategies.Item Open Access Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analysis(2022-08) Zhu, Jenney; Madigan, Sheri; Dobson, Keith; Wells, Lana; Noel, MelanieBackground: Intimate partner violence (IPV) represents a significant public health concern that impacts individuals globally. Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) represents one risk factor for IPV involvement. However, the results of existing research on the association between ACEs and IPV have demonstrated somewhat mixed results. Given the heterogeneity of existing findings, the overall effect size of the association between ACEs and IPV was examined, to in turn inform policy, knowledge translation, prevention, and intervention efforts. Objectives: The present research sought to meta-analytically examine the association between ACEs and (1) IPV perpetration and (2) IPV victimization. Additionally, moderator analyses were conducted to determine demographic factors and study characteristics that may impact the association between ACEs and IPV involvement Method: Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO in August of 2021. One-hundred and twenty-three records were screened for inclusion. All studies must have included a measure of ACEs (i.e., 8-item, 10-item, or other composite measure) and a measure of IPV victimization or perpetration (e.g., physical, sexual, or psychological abuse). Results: Among the 27 studies and 41 samples included in the present meta-analysis, 65,330 participants were included. Across all included studies, 33.84% of participants identified as male and the mean age was 32.10 years (age range, 14-56.9). The results of the meta-analyses demonstrated that ACEs were positively associated with IPV perpetration [k = 15, r = .172, (95% CI: .119, .223), p < .001], and victimization [k = 26, r = .200, (95% CI: .143, .255) p < .001]. Results of the moderator analysis demonstrated that the association between ACEs and IPV perpetration and victimization was stronger among studies that examined mixed IPV (i.e., more than one type of IPV) compared to physical IPV exclusively. The association between ACEs and IPV victimization was also stronger among studies that included younger participants and among more recently published studies. Conclusions: The present meta-analyses demonstrate a need for trauma-informed and early approaches to IPV screening, prevention, and intervention. Further, significant moderators identified in the present meta-analyses contribute to a stronger understanding of factors that amplify or attenuate risk for IPV among individuals with ACEs exposure. Future research should build upon these results to help inform resiliency factors that may mitigate risk for IPV.Item Open Access Adverse childhood experiences and maternal anxiety and depression: a meta-analysis(2021-01-11) Racine, Nicole; Devereaux, Chloe; Cooke, Jessica E; Eirich, Rachel; Zhu, Jenney; Madigan, SheriAbstract Background It has been proposed that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) can put women at risk for mental illness in the pregnancy and postpartum periods. While some studies have found strong support for this proposition, others have found weak or no support. This study is a meta-analysis of the association between ACEs and maternal mental health to resolve between-study discrepancies, and to examine potential moderators of associations. Methods Three electronic databases (i.e., MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO) were searched up to November 2018 by a health sciences librarian. A hand search was conducted in January 2020 and relevant studies were added. Included studies reported on associations between ACEs and maternal depression and/or anxiety in the perinatal period (pregnancy to 1-year postpartum). Pregnancy and postpartum outcomes were examined separately for both depression and anxiety. Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted. Moderator analyses were conducted using meta-regression. Study quality was evaluated using a 15-point scale. Results The initial search yielded 4646 non-duplicate records and full text review occurred for 196 articles. A total of 15 studies (N = 7788) were included in the meta-analyses, of which 2 were also described narratively. Publication year ranged from 1998 to 2019. Mothers were approximately 28.93 years of age when they retrospectively reported on their ACEs. All studies had maternal self-report questionnaires for the mental health outcomes. Study quality ranged from 7 to 12. The pooled effect sizes between ACEs and prenatal (N = 12; r = .19; 95% CI= .13, .24) and postpartum (N = 7; r = .23; 95% CI = .06 to .39) depressive symptoms were significant. The pooled effect size between ACEs and prenatal anxiety was also significant (N = 5; r = .14; 95% CI= .07, .21). Moderator analyses indicated that timing of depressive and anxiety symptoms may be important for understanding associations. Conclusions ACEs confer risk to maternal mental health, albeit effect sizes are small to moderate in magnitude. Trauma-informed approaches, as well as increased mental health support during and after pregnancy, may help to offset the relative risk of ACEs on maternal mental health.Item Open Access Associations Between Screen Time and Child Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviour Problems: A Meta-Analysis(2021-08-19) Eirich, Rachel; Madigan, Sheri; Tomfohr, Lianne; Giesbrecht, Gerald; Climie, EmmaBackground: Research on the effects of screen time on child outcomes has increased exponentially in response to the ubiquity of digital media. However, due to mixed findings, significant debate exists as to whether screen time is associated with problematic child outcomes, including internalizing and externalizing problems. It is important to understand the methodological differences that may be contributing to heterogeneity in findings and the possible risks and benefits of screen time to inform parents, clinicians, policy-makers, and future research. Objectives: To 1) meta-analytically determine the association between screen time (i.e., duration of use) and child externalizing and internalizing problems; 2) identify moderators that may contribute to discrepancies in the literature and point to areas for methodological improvement in future research. Method: Electronic searches were conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO in June of 2019 and 22,528 non-duplicate articles were identified and screened for inclusion. Quantity of screen time was defined as the duration of time children spend viewing screens (e.g., television, tablets, video games, and/or computers, etc.). Child behaviour problems included externalizing (e.g., aggression, hyperactivity) and/or internalizing (e.g., depression, anxiety) behavioural symptoms or clinical diagnoses. Results: After screening all abstracts for inclusion, 434 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and a total of 64 studies (with 74 unique samples; 85,225 participants) met all inclusion criteria. Results revealed that screen time was associated with more externalizing problems (k = 72, r = 0.12; 95% CI [0.10, 0.14]). Moderator analyses suggested that effect sizes were larger for males, in older studies, in studies examining aggression (vs. hyperactivity/inattention). Effect sizes were larger when the screen time informant was the child versus the parent. A separate meta-analysis revealed that screen time was also associated with more internalizing problems (k = 26, r = 0.07, 95% CI [0.04, 0.11]) and moderator analyses suggested that effect sizes were larger when the screen time informant was the child (vs. parent). Conclusions: These meta-analyses support small but significant associations between screen time and children’s behaviour problems. Methodological differences across studies were one of the most common contributors to mixed findings in the literature.Item Open Access Body Perception and Body Dissatisfaction: A Longitudinal Examination of Body Image and Disordered Eating Symptoms(2023-07-24) Magel, Chantelle A.; von Ranson, Kristin; Tomfohr-Madsen, Lianne; Madigan, SheriIntroduction: Body size perception and attitudes towards the body (e.g., body dissatisfaction) are two distinct but interconnected components of body image. The relationship between body perceptions and disordered eating is poorly understood. The objective of this project was to examine body size perception and elucidate how it changes and relates to disordered eating behaviours and attitudes across development when compared to body dissatisfaction. Method: In three studies, we analyzed data from the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS), a population-based, prospective study of 1,359 predominantly (95%) White, reared-together female twins ranging from age 10 to 33, in which participants completed assessments approximately every three to five years. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of a scale used to measure body size perception (Body Rating Scales (BRS); Chapter 2); Study 2 investigated the developmental trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and BRS body size perception scores across the study period (Chapter 3); and Study 3 compared the degree to which BMI, BRS body size perception scores, and body dissatisfaction impacted disordered eating behaviours and attitudes over time (Chapter 4). Results: In Study 1, the psychometric properties of the BRS support its validity as a measure of body size perception in girls and women. In Study 2, participants generally selected increasingly large perceived actual body sizes and increasingly small ideal body sizes across time and development, resulting in widening discrepancies between actual and ideal body size ratings until approximately age 30. In Study 3, body perception variables (i.e., larger actual body size ratings, smaller ideal body size, and greater actual-ideal discrepancies) predicted subsequent elevated disordered eating behaviours and attitudes across time more strongly than did body dissatisfaction as measured by self-report questionnaire ratings. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the BRS is a psychometrically-sound tool that may be used to evaluate body perception quickly and easily. Further, this research advances understanding of how body perceptions and ideals change across development, and highlights their relationship with subsequent disordered eating.Item Open Access Caregiver-Child Attachment in Early Childhood: A Multi-Method Investigation of Caregiving Antecedents and Socioemotional Outcomes(2025-01-14) Cooke, Jessica Elizabeth; Madigan, Sheri; Giesbrecht, Gerald; Noel, Melanie; Benzies, Karen; Guyon-Harris, KatherineBackground: As reviewed in Chapter One, attachment interventions aim to improve caregiver-child attachment relationships by targeting insensitive and disrupted forms of caregiving behaviors. While these interventions are moderately effective at enhancing attachment security and reducing disorganization, their expected downstream impacts on children's internalizing and externalizing problems are inconsistent, revealing gaps in the literature. Thus, the aim of this dissertation was to advance the understanding of the complex relations between caregiving antecedents, caregiver-child attachment, and children’s socioemotional outcomes. Method: Chapter Two examined the combined and interactive longitudinal effects of sociodemographic risk, observed maternal disrupted caregiving, and maternal self-reported depression, psychopathology (i.e., substance use, psychosis, and posttraumatic stress), and childhood maltreatment history on observed infant attachment disorganization using longitudinal data analysis within a Canadian pregnancy cohort of 285 mother-infant dyads. Chapter Three meta-synthesized associations between observed caregiver sensitivity and children’s internalizing (k = 69) and externalizing (k = 94) problems. Sample and measurement characteristics were explored as potential moderators. Chapter Four investigated the longitudinal direct and indirect effects of observed maternal disrupted caregiving and its subdimensions on children’s internalizing and externalizing problems at 24 and 36 months in the same cohort from Chapter Two. Attachment disorganization was explored as a potential mediator of associations. Results: In Chapter Two, sociodemographic risk, maternal disrupted caregiving, and their interaction significantly predicted infant attachment disorganization. Sociodemographic risk was associated with greater attachment disorganization when disrupted caregiving was high, but not when it was low. In Chapter Three, caregiver sensitivity was significantly related to children’s internalizing and externalizing problems, with stronger associations found for externalizing problems compared to internalizing problems. Socioeconomic status, publication status, and the measure of caregiver sensitivity emerged as moderators of associations with internalizing problems. In Chapter Four, maternal disrupted caregiving and several subdimensions of disrupted caregiving were associated with infant attachment disorganization. In addition, the subdimension of maternal negative-intrusive behaviors directly predicted children’s externalizing problems at 24 and 36 months and children’s internalizing problems at 36 months. However, attachment disorganization was not related to children’s externalizing or internalizing problems, and attachment disorganization did not mediate the associations between maternal negative- intrusive behaviors and children’s behavioral outcomes. Conclusion: As discussed in Chapter Five, findings from the current studies illustrated that the associations between caregiving antecedents, caregiver-child attachment, and children's behavioral outcomes are complex. In this dissertation, caregiver sensitivity and disrupted forms of caregiving were important antecedents of attachment and socioemotional outcome in children. In addition, sociodemographic risks appeared to elucidate some of the complexities within these dynamics. Thus, by addressing insensitive and disrupted forms of caregiving, in conjunction with an integration of multifaceted approaches to mitigate the social determinants of health, practitioners and policymakers may cultivate more supportive environments for both caregivers and children, ultimately fostering improved emotional and behavioral outcomes for future generations.Item Open Access Development of a consensus statement on the role of the family in the physical activity, sedentary, and sleep behaviours of children and youth(2020-06-16) Rhodes, Ryan E; Guerrero, Michelle D; Vanderloo, Leigh M; Barbeau, Kheana; Birken, Catherine S; Chaput, Jean-Philippe; Faulkner, Guy; Janssen, Ian; Madigan, Sheri; Mâsse, Louise C; McHugh, Tara-Leigh; Perdew, Megan; Stone, Kelly; Shelley, Jacob; Spinks, Nora; Tamminen, Katherine A; Tomasone, Jennifer R; Ward, Helen; Welsh, Frank; Tremblay, Mark SAbstract Background Children and youth who meet the physical activity, sedentary, and sleep behaviour recommendations in the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines are more likely to have desirable physical and psychosocial health outcomes. Yet, few children and youth actually meet the recommendations. The family is a key source of influence that can affect lifestyle behaviours. The purpose of this paper is to describe the process used to develop the Consensus Statement on the Role of the Family in the Physical Activity, Sedentary, and Sleep Behaviours of Children and Youth (0–17 years) and present, explain, substantiate, and discuss the final Consensus Statement. Methods The development of the Consensus Statement included the establishment of a multidisciplinary Expert Panel, completion of six reviews (three literature, two scoping, one systematic review of reviews), custom data analyses of Statistics Canada’s Canadian Health Measures Survey, integration of related research identified by Expert Panel members, a stakeholder consultation, establishment of consensus, and the development of a media, public relations, communications and launch plan. Results Evidence from the literature reviews provided substantial support for the importance of family on children’s movement behaviours and highlighted the importance of inclusion of the entire family system as a source of influence and promotion of healthy child and youth movement behaviours. The Expert Panel incorporated the collective evidence from all reviews, the custom analyses, other related research identified, and stakeholder survey feedback, to develop a conceptual model and arrive at the Consensus Statement: Families can support children and youth in achieving healthy physical activity, sedentary and sleep behaviours by encouraging, facilitating, modelling, setting expectations and engaging in healthy movement behaviours with them. Other sources of influence are important (e.g., child care, school, health care, community, governments) and can support families in this pursuit. Conclusion Family is important for the support and promotion of healthy movement behaviours of children and youth. This Consensus Statement serves as a comprehensive, credible, and current synopsis of related evidence, recommendations, and resources for multiple stakeholders.Item Open Access Early childhood risk factors for later onset of pediatric chronic pain: a multi-method longitudinal study(2024-08-08) Pavlova, Maria; Noel, Melanie; Orr, Serena L.; Walker, Andrew; Madigan, Sheri; McDonald, Sheila W.; Tough, Suzanne C.; Birnie, Kathryn A.Abstract Background Pediatric chronic pain (i.e., pain lasting ≥ 3 months) is prevalent, disabling, and costly. It spikes in adolescence, interrupts psychosocial development and functioning, and often co-occurs with mental health problems. Chronic pain often begins spontaneously without prior injuries and/or other disorders. Prospective longitudinal cohort studies following children from early childhood, prior to chronic pain onset, are needed to examine contributing factors, such as early pain experiences and mental health. Using data from a longitudinal community pregnancy cohort (All Our Families; AOF), the present study examined the associations between early developmental risk factors, including early childhood pain experiences and mental health symptoms, and the onset of pediatric chronic pain at ages 8 and 11 years. Methods Available longitudinal AOF data from child age 4 months, as well as 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 11 years, were used. Mothers reported their child’s pain experiences (e.g., hospitalizations, vaccinations, gut problems) at each timepoint from 4 months to 8 years, child chronic pain at age 8, and child mental health symptoms at ages 5 and 8 years. Children reported their chronic pain frequency and interference at age 11. Adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regressions were used to select predictor variables. Complete case analyses were complemented by multiple imputation using chained equation (MICE) models. Results Gut problems, emergency room visits, frequent pain complaints, and headaches at age 5 or earlier, as well as female sex, were associated with increased risk of maternal reported child chronic pain at age 8. Maternal reported chronic pain at age 8 was associated with higher levels of child-reported pain frequency and pain interferences at age 11. Boys self-reported lower levels of pain interference at age 11. Conclusions Some, but not all, painful experiences (e.g., gut problems, ER visits, pain complaints) in early life contribute to pediatric chronic pain onset and should be considered for screening and early intervention.Item Open Access Elucidating Understandings of Problematic Sexual Behaviours in Children and Adolescents through Meta-Analytic Methods and an Exploratory Evaluation of a Clinical Population Receiving Treatment(2024-09-13) Mori, Camille Misora; Madigan, Sheri; Exner-Cortens, Deinera; Dobson, Keith; Adorjan, Michael; Silovsky, JaneIntroduction: Key inquiries into Problematic Sexual Behaviour (PSB) include identifying risk factors and evaluating characteristics and treatment outcomes of PSB populations. Exposure to sexual content is an important risk factor to examine due to ubiquitous access to technology. Regarding treatment, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for PSB (PSB-CBT) is an evidence-informed and developmentally appropriate intervention. Further research is needed to assess outcomes of PSB-CBT and target population characteristics. Objectives: 1) Examine associations between sexual content exposure and PSB; 2) Describe characteristics of a clinical PSB sample; 3) Evaluate treatment outcomes of PSB-CBT offered at a Child and Youth Advocacy Centre (CYAC); 4) Provide recommendations for ongoing PSB research, prevention, and intervention. Methods: A Developmental-Relational research model was used to develop the goals of this thesis. Study 1 used a systematic review and random-effects meta-analyses conducted on available literature up to September 2021. Results are based on 16,200 participants (71.3% male; Mage = 14.3) and 27 studies. Study 2 used a retrospective case file review of 61 files of children and families who attended a PSB-CBT treatment group at a CYAC between 2015 and 2019 (83.6% male; Mage = 8.9). Results: Study 1: Significant associations were found between exposure to nonviolent sexual content and likelihood of engaging in PSB (OR = 1.82; p < .001; 95 % CI: 1.50–2.21), and between exposure to violent/live sexual content and PSB (OR = 2.52; p < .001; 95 % CI: 1.75–3.61). Sex moderated the association between exposure to nonviolent sexual content and PSB, such that the association was stronger in studies with a greater proportion of females. Study 2: Characteristics and sexual behaviours exhibited by children who attended a PSB-CBT treatment group varied widely. Outcome analyses revealed decreases in child sexual behaviours and parenting stress. Conclusions: Results support the need for future research on risk factors and mechanisms implicated in PSB. Children with PSB and their families could benefit from incorporating education on sexual content exposure into treatment programs. PSB-CBT offered within CYACs is well suited to meet the intervention needs of children with PSB and their families.Item Open Access Experiences of Albertan Families with Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Descriptive Report(2020-11-30) McDonald, Sheila; Edwards, Sarah; Hetherington, Erin; Racine, Nicole; Mueller, Melissa; McArthur, Brae Anne; Madigan, Sheri; Dewey, Deborah; Letourneau, Nicole; Tough, Suzanne; Geisbrecht, GeraldThis report describes data collected from Albertan families on the COVID-19 Impact Survey implemented in May 2020, which built on a unique collaboration across two longitudinal cohorts in Alberta: The All Our Families study (AOF) and the Alberta Pregnancy Outcomes and Nutrition study (APrON). Our objectives were as follows: (1) Describe household infections of COVID-19 in Alberta among families with school-aged children; (2) Describe urban Albertan family experiences of the pandemic within the first 3-4 months of the outbreak across the areas of financial impact, maternal mental health and well-being, school and daily life, and relationships in the home; and (3) Describe associations among key predictor variables (e.g., financial impact) and outcomes (e.g., maternal anxiety, concern for child’s well-being). Study Sample: AOF and APrON Cohort participants reflect families parenting at least one child in between the ages of 8 and 12. While the respondents represent a broad range of income, education and ethnicity, they are typified by adequate income, food and housing security and partnered marital status. Highlighted Results: Physical Impact: At the time of data collection in May, 2020, over 90% of families did not have personal experience with COVID-19, either through personal infection, infection of a child, extended family member or close friend. Vaccine Intentions: Although over 60% of mothers and their children would obtain a COVID-19 vaccine when available, almost 30% are undecided and 8% would not obtain a vaccine. Financial Impact: In 58% of all families, at least one parent experienced job loss, loss of main income source, or reduced employment hours. One in five mothers reported difficulty meeting financial needs for the household, and 5% of families were experiencing food insecurity. Over 40% of respondents reported at least some impact on their ability to meet financial obligations. Mental Health and Wellness Impact: Mothers reported elevated levels of stress (21%), anxiety (25%) and depression (35%). Approximately 26% of mothers reported having limited coping skills. Almost 90% of mothers have undertaken more domestic tasks in the home. Mothers also reported that their children showed increased sadness and behavioural challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has had profound financial and mental health impact on some families. Investment in strategies to alleviate financial stress, provide parenting supports, and alleviate mental health concerns is critical. Suggested Citation: McDonald S, Edwards S, Hetherington E, Racine N, Mueller M, McArthur BA, Madigan S, Dewey D, Geisbrecht G, Letourneau N, Tough S. Experiences of Albertan Families with Young Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Report. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary; 2020.Item Open Access Identifying the Role of Mediators and Moderators on the Relationship between Early Traumatic Experiences and Problematic Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review and Longitudinal Study(2023-05-18) Sharif-Razi, Maryam; Hodgins, David; Madigan, Sheri; McGrath, Daniel; Kopala Sibley, Daniel; Derevensky, JeffreyAbstract Introduction: Despite a robust association between early traumatic experiences (ETEs) and problematic alcohol use, there is a dearth of longitudinal studies that have directly investigated this relationship in adolescents. Furthermore, previous studies have neglected the effect of important mediating and moderating variables. The current project aims to bridge these gaps and expand the literature on the trauma-addiction link using two distinct studies. Methods: Study 1 consisted of a systematic review that investigated the relationship between ETEs and problematic alcohol use using longitudinal studies where temporality was established. Study 2 employed a longitudinal dataset to investigate the relationship between ETEs and problematic alcohol use in adolescents, with a focus on mediating (externalizing behaviours and internalizing behaviours) and moderating (sex) effects. The data was collected over the course of 5-years via questionnaires and in-person interviews and was analyzed using latent growth curve models. Results: In Study 1, six of the nine prospective studies demonstrated a significant positive relationship between ETEs and problematic alcohol use. In Study 2, the first model showed that higher trauma severity was significantly associated with greater problematic alcohol use severity at baseline. Further, growth in trauma severity was associated with significant growth in problematic alcohol use severity over time. The second model indicated there was a positive relationship between trauma and problematic alcohol use severity at baseline for both males and females, but that this relationship was significantly stronger in females. The final mediation model showed that internalizing and externalizing behaviours mediated the relationship between trauma and problematic alcohol use severity at baseline and over time. Conclusion: The results from these studies advance our understanding of the relationship between ETEs and the development of alcohol use problems later in life. Study 1 lends evidence to the notion that ETEs are a risk factor for problematic alcohol use. Study 2 showed that internalizing and externalizing behaviours mediate the relationship between ETEs and problematic alcohol use, making these behaviours a good target in treatment for trauma-exposed youth.Item Open Access Language and Social Competence in Childhood: Synthesizing Existing Literature and Examining Developmental Pathways(2024-07-29) Wieczorek, Karolina Marta; Graham, Susan; Madigan, Sheri; Noel, Melanie; Climie, Emma; Charest, MoniqueIn this dissertation, I examined the connections between language and social competence in children. These associations were examined in children ranging from 2 to 12 years of age, and who demonstrated diverse language abilities ranging from clinical difficulties to those showcasing typical language development. Associations were examined using two approaches: 1) via systematic review and meta-analysis of existing literature, while assessing for moderators, and 2) via drawing on a large prospective cohort to examine longitudinal mediation pathways. In Chapter Two, I conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between language and social competence in children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and assessed relevant moderators of this association. Merging results from 21 studies and 6,830 children, a significant association was found between language and social competence in children with DLD (r = .18; 95% confidence interval = .12–.24; p < .001), that was small in magnitude. The association was moderated by language aspect, with no other moderators significantly influencing the association of interest. In Chapter Three, I completed a systematic review and three meta-analyses to explore links between social competence and three types of language skills (i.e., overall, receptive, and expressive) in typically developing children. In combining the results from 130 studies and 62,120 children, significant associations were found were between social competence and overall language (r = .27, 95% confidence interval [.21, .32], p <.001), receptive language (r = .23, 95% confidence interval [.20, .27], p <.001) and expressive language (r = .20, 95% confidence interval [.16, .24], p <.001), that were medium in magnitude. Associations were moderated by study design (i.e., overall language, expressive language), social type (i.e., overall language), geographic region (i.e., expressive language), and publication status (i.e., receptive language). No other moderators significantly impacted the associations of interest. In Chapter Four, I facilitated a longitudinal mediation analysis to explore developmental pathways between language and social skills in a large, prospective cohort called All Our Families (AOF). Specifically, I drew on a sample of 3,387 children to examine pathways between expressive language in toddlerhood, to social skills in middle childhood, via core language and pragmatic language around the time of school entry (i.e., examining pathways from 2 to 5 to 8 years of age). Several covariates known to impact language development were controlled for in the analyses. Via examining indirect effects, it was found that pragmatic language, but not core language, partially mediated the pathway of interest. In Chapter Five, I integrate the findings from the three studies, discuss implications and highlight limitations of my dissertation research. Together, my dissertation provides support for the longstanding notion that language and social competence are related during childhood, and enhances the knowledge base regarding the nuances of these relations in children with varying language skills.Item Open Access Risk and Resilience: The Role of Parent Functioning in Pediatric Chronic Pain(2024-09-10) Beveridge, Jaimie; Noel, Melanie; Birnie, Kathryn; Madigan, Sheri; Orr, SerenaObjective: Pediatric chronic pain is prevalent and can significantly interfere with children’s physical, emotional, social, and educational functioning. Parent factors have been shown to play an important role in children’s chronic pain; however, research has predominately focused on parent responses to child pain to the exclusion of parents’ own functioning (i.e., their physical and mental health). The broad aim of this dissertation was to examine the association between parent functioning, specifically their own chronic pain and mental health symptoms, and child chronic pain using a multi-method approach. Methods: Three studies were conducted. The first study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the extant literature examining associations between parent mental health and children’s chronic pain and related functioning in both clinical and community samples. The second study used daily diary data from a clinical sample of 76 youth referred to a tertiary pain program and one of their parents to examine the associations between parent chronic pain status, parent daily variability (in their anxiety, mood, protective responses, and parenting stress), and youth daily pain intensity and interference. The third study used data from 1128 mother-child dyads enrolled in a longitudinal, community-based cohort study to identify risk and resilience factors throughout childhood that moderated the intergenerational transmission of chronic pain. Results: Poorer functioning (i.e., chronic pain and/or mental health problems) in parents was significantly associated with the presence of chronic pain in community samples of children as well as the pain-related functioning of clinical samples of children with chronic pain. Parent chronic pain and mental health symptoms were related to children’s chronic pain and functioning in distinct as well as interacting ways. Several general parent and child factors were found to contribute to the association between parent functioning and child chronic pain, either increasing or decreasing the strength of the association, including ineffective parenting practices, child optimism, and child connections with adults. Conclusions: Parent functioning plays an important role in pediatric chronic pain, increasing children’s risk for poor adaptation to chronic pain, and should be more widely considered in research and clinical interventions for pediatric chronic pain.Item Embargo Secondary and Tertiary Prevention for Adolescent Dating Violence: A Systematic Review(2023-07) Camacho Soto, Jeniffer Nicole; Exner-Cortens, Deinera; Morris, Carly; Madigan, SheriAdolescent dating violence (ADV) is a pervasive public health issue associated with numerous mental, social, psychological, and physical health consequences. Thus, prevention programs have been implemented to prevent this violence and promote healthy relationships. Although there is a growing body of literature on primary ADV prevention strategies, little is known about secondary and tertiary ADV prevention approaches. Thus, this systematic review, guided by Cochrane Review methodology, summarizes available evidence on secondary and tertiary ADV prevention programs. The search with no date restriction was conducted in 8 databases in November 2022. Studies published in English and/or Spanish were included if they described the development, adaptation, implementation, and/or evaluation of a secondary and/or tertiary preventive intervention for ADV. After screening the title and abstract of 3645 articles, 31 articles were included in this study, which report on 14 secondary and 1 tertiary intervention. The included studies suggest that these secondary interventions are somewhat effective in preventing ADV victimization and perpetration, and that the effects may be strongest for teens with a higher risk of being involved in an abusive relationship. The only included study that reported on a tertiary intervention was a developmental study. Based on the lack of tertiary intervention implemented in our communities, clinical-focused interventions focusing on treating and reducing negative symptoms of ADV are needed.Item Open Access Taking Research out of the Lab: Embodied and Situated Language Development(2024-02-17) Reggin, Lorraine Dale; Pexman, Penelope Marion; Graham, Susan Annetta; Madigan, Sheri; McArthur, Brae AnneLanguage acquisition is influenced by the child, in terms of their genetic and biological make-up, but also acquired within the context of their family, social systems, schools, and community. Development is influenced by the culture, language, and social context surrounding the child. Embodied cognition is the view that thinking is grounded in perceptual, action, and emotion systems. An embodied theory of language acquisition predicts that early concepts develop from sensorimotor experience. Evidence regarding the role of the body in language acquisition can influence teaching, community programs, and families. Researchers also can learn from the experiences of the child and their communities when supporting young language learners. In Chapter 2, I describe embodied cognition for educators. I describe the shift in cognitive psychology from describing thinking as the manipulation of arbitrary symbols to the view that an integrated system houses sensory and motor systems but also language information. I provide evidence for the role of sensorimotor experience in learning. I also discuss some critical areas that need to be explained by embodied cognition, where more research is required and take-home messages for teachers. In Chapter 3, I delineate embodied from situated cognition in language acquisition. Language is embodied in that our internal cognitive mechanisms are grounded in our sensorimotor and affective systems but also situated because language is learned within a broader context. In Chapter 4, I describe a community-based research project testing a program designed to increase adult talk and conversation between caregivers and children. Community-based research allows for an exploration of language learning in the context of the families and communities in which children live. With training, caregivers can increase the quantity of speech they share with their children, and feedback could be one way to help facilitate this process. I consider how these findings could influence a broader discussion around the role of parental input in language development. Across these diverse studies, I explore language outside the traditional laboratory setting for language research. I bring knowledge of language acquisition theory and principles to teachers for direct application in their classrooms. I delineate the need for lab-based research and research in naturalistic environments and examine one such endeavour.Item Open Access Testing Bidirectional Effects between Maternal and Child Depression During Middle Childhood(2024-09-18) Hewitt, Jackson; Madigan, Sheri; McArthur, Brae Anne; Yeates, Keith; Birnie, Kathryn; Kopala Sibley, DanielBackground: To date, the understanding of depression within families has primarily focused on a single direction, from parents to children. Extensive research has focused on this perspective, leading to the development of various hypotheses, such as the spillover hypothesis and the intergenerational transmission of depression. These unidirectional hypotheses suggest that parent depression influences the development of child depression. More recently, a new hypothesis has emerged – child evocative effects. This hypothesis proposes that there are more bidirectional and dynamic interactions within the family unit, wherein children can also influence parents’ depression. Objectives: Using a prospective pregnancy cohort, we tested both potentially co-occurring phenomena. First, we tested the potential bidirectional effects of mother and child depressive symptoms across four waves of data during the middle childhood period. Second, we tested whether child sex and family socioeconomic status moderated associations. Methods: This study was based on data from 1801 mothers and children from the All Our Families cohort from Calgary, Alberta. Maternal and child depression and demographic information was assessed through validated self-report measures of depressive symptoms at four timepoints (Time 1: Spring 2020, child age 9.66 years; Time 2: Spring 2021, child age 10.40 years; Time 3: Fall-Winter 2021-2022, child age 11.08 years, and Time 4: Winter 2023, child age 12.82 years). Child sex and family socioeconomic status was reported by mothers at Time 1. Results: Results of a random-intercept cross-lagged panel analysis revealed that child depression at Time 1 predicted higher maternal depression at Time 2 (β = .12; 95% CI .02, .22). Additionally, child depression at Time 2 predicted higher maternal depression at Time 3 (β = .17; 95% CI .07, .26). The obverse association was not supported. Child sex and family socioeconomic status did not moderate associations. Conclusions: Contrary to conventional theorizing, we found evidence for child-evocative effects but not maternal spillover effects of depressive symptoms. Our study sheds light on the nuances of how depression potentially develops within families and challenges conventional theorizing of a unidirectional spillover from caregiver to child depression. It establishes a framework for future research to incorporate bidirectional and potentially transactional relationships when considering depression transmission within families. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need to incorporate the complex dynamics of family interactions into prevention and intervention efforts.Item Open Access The Impact of Core Self-Evaluations and Team Conflict on Individual Burnout(2017) Smith, Julia; O'Neill, Thomas; Bourdage, Joshua; Madigan, Sheri; Collins, MichaelThis thesis explored the impact of team conflict and core self-evaluations on student burnout in using engineering student teams in a first-year engineering course. Three patterns of conflict emerged at the mid-semester time-point: a task conflict dominant profile, a relationship conflict/process conflict minor profile, and a midrange conflict profile. Supplemental analyses identified four emergent profiles at the end of the semester. A multilevel model including core self-evaluations as a predictor, team conflict profiles as a moderator, and burnout as an outcome found that core self-evaluations significantly predicted disengagement, though not when a number of covariates were taken into account, and that the interaction between core self- evaluations and team conflict profiles was not significant. The findings and implications for the Job Demands-Resources Model are discussed, as are suggestions for future researchers.Item Open Access The Relation between Parental and Family Functioning and Post-concussive Symptoms after Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury(2024-07-15) Chadwick, Leah; Yeates, Keith Owen; Callahan, Brandy; Madigan, Sheri; Giesbrecht, Gerald; Babikian, TalinMild traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are commonly sustained by children and adolescents. An extensive literature documents the reciprocal relationship between family functioning and outcomes of childhood moderate and severe TBI, however, the influence of parental and family functioning on children’s post-concussive symptoms (PCS) after mild TBI is not well understood. The goal of this dissertation was to examine the influence of parental and family functioning on PCS after mild TBI. Study 1 consists of a scoping review that examined the existing research on the relationship between parental and family functioning and pediatric mild TBI to determine relevant parental and family factors, summarize findings, and identify areas for further research. Study 2 consists of an original research study that aimed to identify distinct trajectories of PCS after mild TBI in 8- to 16-year-old children and to examine their association with parental and family functioning, as compared to children with orthopedic injuries (OI). Study 1 identified 15 articles that address three questions: (1) Does mild TBI result in more parental distress or poorer family functioning than other injuries?; (2) Does pre-injury or acute parental distress and family functioning predict PCS after mild TBI?; and (3) Does acute PCS predict later parental distress and family functioning? Overall, findings were mixed, although the available evidence suggests that parent and family functioning may have an important, perhaps bidirectional, association with PCS after pediatric mild TBI. Study 2 employed group-based multi-trajectory modeling to classify children into distinct trajectories of child- and parent-reported cognitive and somatic PCS across the first 6 months post-injury and to examine parental and family functioning as predictors of those trajectories. Several parental and family factors were identified as significant predictors of trajectory membership after mild TBI, including parental adjustment, protectiveness, and social support. Study 2 demonstrates that better parental functioning tends to be associated with a more rapid recovery for children with mild TBI. Identification of different symptom trajectories and the influence of parental and family functioning as predictors of those trajectories provides guidance in developing family-based treatments and enabling the targeting of those treatments to children at risk for poor recovery.Item Open Access Using Sibling Designs to Understand Neurodevelopmental Disorders: From Genes and Environments to Prevention Programming(2015-07-15) Wade, Mark; Prime, Heather; Madigan, SheriNeurodevelopmental disorders represent a broad class of childhood neurological conditions that have a significant bearing on the wellbeing of children, families, and communities. In this review, we draw on evidence from two common and widely studied neurodevelopmental disorders—autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)—to demonstrate the utility of genetically informed sibling designs in uncovering the nature and pathogenesis of these conditions. Specifically, we examine how twin, recurrence risk, and infant prospective tracking studies have contributed to our understanding of genetic and environmental liabilities towards neurodevelopmental morbidity through their impact on neurocognitive processes and structural/functional neuroanatomy. It is suggested that the siblings of children with ASD and ADHD are at risk not only of clinically elevated problems in these areas, but also of subthreshold symptoms and/or subtle impairments in various neurocognitive skills and other domains of psychosocial health. Finally, we close with a discussion on the practical relevance of sibling designs and how these might be used in the service of early screening, prevention, and intervention efforts that aim to alleviate the negative downstream consequences associated with disorders of neurodevelopment.