The Rotterdam Convention regulates international transfer of certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides. Such chemical substances have been scientifically adjudged to pose unacceptable risks to human health and the environment. Under the Rotterdam Convention, international shipment of such chemicals and pesticides must not take place except with the prior informed consent of the recipient country. Given the significance of implementation to the attainment of treaty goals, this thesis examines national implementation of and compliance with the Rotterdam Convention. The thesis concludes that Nigeria and other African countries lack the capacity to effectively fulfill their obligations. It proposes specific mechanisms to strengthen national capabilities.