Development of Heat-Transfer-Based Approach for Solid Deposition from Paraffinic Mixtures in Cold Flow Regime
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This study presents an investigation of solids deposition in the hot flow and the cold flow regimes using two different experimental apparatuses. A flow-loop apparatus was used to study the effects of mixture temperature, coolant temperature, flow rate (Re), and mixture composition in mixtures flowing under turbulent flow conditions. The results of these experiments were analyzed with a steady-state heat transfer model. A cold finger apparatus was used to investigate the time-dependent growth of deposit, under a wide range of temperatures, under laminar flow conditions. The results of these experiments were analyzed with a transient mathematical model. Furthermore, experiments were performed to investigate the effect of wax crystals on the deposition process in the cold flow regime, which showed that the suspended wax crystals do not affect the deposit mass or thickness. The effects of shear rate, via the Reynolds number (Re), and time (t) on solids deposition and deposit composition, from wax–solvent mixtures in the cold flow regime were investigated. The deposit ‘aging’ behaviour was modelled using a previously developed geometrical representation, which is based on one-dimensional deformation of a cubical cage. A correlation was developed for the effects of Re and t on deposit composition in the cold flow regime under laminar flow conditions. The results of this study further confirm that the deposition process is described by heat-transfer considerations and the ‘aging’ of deposit is explained by considering the effect of shear stress during its formation and growth. The process of gel formation from a multicomponent wax–solvent mixture during flow shutdown was investigated experimentally and analyzed with a transient heat-transfer model. The gel formation was found to be a very fast process, which continued until the gel fully occupied the deposition tube. The predictions from the transient model showed that a lower initial oil temperature, a lower coolant temperature, and a smaller pipe diameter would result in a faster blockage of the pipe. The predictions from the moving boundary problem formulation as well as the experimental results of this study further confirmed that the solid and gel formation from wax–solvent mixtures is modeled satisfactorily as a heat transfer process. Finally, the process of solid deposition from wax–solvent mixtures was compared with that of ice deposition from liquid water by means of experiments using the cold finger apparatus and a transient mathematical model based on moving boundary formulation. Both the ice deposition and the wax deposition processes were remarkably similar. The results of both sets of experiments were consistent with the predictions from the moving boundary problem framework, which confirmed that the solid deposition from wax–solvent mixtures is described adequately based entirely on heat-transfer considerations.