Pannekoek, Frits, 1949-2006-12-142006-12-141976The West and the Nation. Carl Berger and Ramsay Cook, eds. (Toronto: McLellan and Stewart Limited, 1976) and reprinted in R. Douglas Francis and Howard Palmer eds. The Prairie West Historical Readings (Edmonton: Pica Pica Press, 1985), pp. 100-116.088864048http://hdl.handle.net/1880/44175In 1821 Red River was desolate, destitute and barbarous. The uncompromising struggle of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company for control of the British North American Fur trade bred ruthlessness and violence. Honourable men became dishonourable and death and whiskey became common. The miseries of the climate compounded those of violence. Grasshoppers more than once destroyed the crops, the buffalo hunt frequently failed, and floods sometimes prevented early spring planting.8492307 bytesapplication/pdfengRed RiverViolence in early western Canadian settlementsFur tradeClergy in early western Canadian settlementsbook part10.11575/PRISM/29856