Browsing by Author "Conly, John M"
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Item Open Access Avian Influenza – The Next Pandemic?(2004-01-01) Conly, John M; Johnston, B LynnItem Open Access Bacterial DNA patterns identified using paired-end Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA genes from whole blood samples of septic patients in the emergency room and intensive care unit(2018-07-25) Faria, Monica M P; Winston, Brent W; Surette, Michael G; Conly, John MAbstract Background Sepsis refers to clinical presentations ranging from mild body dysfunction to multiple organ failure. These clinical symptoms result from a systemic inflammatory response to pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms present systemically in the bloodstream. Current clinical diagnostics rely on culture enrichment techniques to identify bloodstream infections. However, a positive result is obtained in a minority of cases thereby limiting our knowledge of sepsis microbiology. Previously, a method of saponin treatment of human whole blood combined with a comprehensive bacterial DNA extraction protocol was developed. The results indicated that viable bacteria could be recovered down to 10 CFU/ml using this method. Paired-end Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene also indicated that the bacterial DNA extraction method enabled recovery of bacterial DNA from spiked blood. This manuscript outlines the application of this method to whole blood samples collected from patients with the clinical presentation of sepsis. Results Blood samples from clinically septic patients were obtained with informed consent. Application of the paired-end Illumina 16S rRNA sequencing to saponin treated blood from intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency department (ED) patients indicated that bacterial DNA was present in whole blood. There were three clusters of bacterial DNA profiles which were distinguished based on the distribution of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Gram-negative DNA. The profiles were examined alongside the patient’s clinical data and indicated molecular profiling patterns from blood samples had good concordance with the primary source of infection. Conclusions Overall this study identified common bacterial DNA profiles in the blood of septic patients which were often associated with the patients’ primary source of infection. These results indicated molecular bacterial DNA profiling could be further developed as a tool for clinical diagnostics for bloodstream infections.Item Open Access Book Review(2010-01-01) Conly, John MItem Open Access Canadian Committee on Antibiotic Resistance Report(2004-01-01) Conly, John M; McEwen, Scott; Hutchinson, Jim; Boyd, Nora; Callery, Sandra; Bryce, ElizabethItem Open Access Central Venous Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections in Hemodialysis Patients: Another Patient Safety Bundle?(2006-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MIn a previous issue of The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases & Medical Microbiology, we reviewed the 'Safer Healthcare Now!' campaign's focus on reducing central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infections (BSIs) as a way of improving patient safety (1). This initiative is focused on preventing CVC-associated BSIs in intensive care units. However, other patient groups are also at risk for CVC-related BSIs, suggesting that there are other individuals who would benefit from preventive efforts. A 1996 hospital-wide survey of nosocomial bacteremia in an Israeli university hospital (2) found that 9% of infected patients were on chronic hemodialysis. Surveillance in 73 hospitals in England between 1997 and 2001 found a CVC BSI rate of 21/1000 nephrology patients at risk who were hospitalized in teaching hospitals (3). This rate was similar to that found in special care neonatal units, although not quite one-half that of patients in a general intensive care unit. In a population-based survey performed in the Calgary Health Region from 2000 to 2002 (4), hemodialysis (HD) posed the greatest risk (RR 208.7; 95% CI 142.9 to 296.3) for acquiring severe BSI.Item Open Access Coming Full Circle: From Antibiotics to Probiotics and Prebiotics(2004-01-01) Conly, John M; Johnston, B LynnItem Open Access Diagnosis of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Where Do We Go from Here?(2003-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MItem Open Access Immunization for Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients(2002-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MItem Open Access Influenza – Expect the Unexpected(2004-01-01) Conly, John M; Jonston, B LynnItem Open Access Intracardiac Device and Prosthetic Infections: What Do We Know?(2004-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MItem Open Access Letter from the Authors(2010-01-01) Conly, John M; Johnston, BLItem Open Access Mupirocin – Are We in Danger of Losing It?(2002-01-01) Conly, John M; Johnston, B LynnItem Open Access Nosocomial Transmission of Bloodborne Viruses from Infected Health Care Workers to Patients(2003-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MItem Open Access Patient Safety: What Does It All Mean?(2004-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MItem Open Access SARS: A tale of two epidemics(2003-01-01) Conly, John M; Johnston, B LynnItem Open Access Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: What Have We Learned Two Years Later?(2004-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MItem Open Access Staphylococcus aureus: The Persistent Pathogen(2003-01-01) Johnston, B Lynn; Conly, John MItem Open Access The Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a Community-Acquired Pathogen in Canada(2003-01-01) Conly, John M; Johnston, B LynnItem Open Access VISA, Hetero-VISA and VRSA: The End of the Vancomycin Era?(2002-01-01) Conly, John M; Johnston, B LynnItem Open Access World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals(2018-01-17) Aidara-Kane, Awa; Angulo, Frederick J; Conly, John M; Minato, Yuki; Silbergeld, Ellen K; McEwen, Scott A; Collignon, Peter JAbstract Background Antimicrobial use in food-producing animals selects for antimicrobial resistance that can be transmitted to humans via food or other transmission routes. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2005 ranked the medical importance of antimicrobials used in humans. In late 2017, to preserve the effectiveness of medically important antimicrobials for humans, WHO released guidelines on use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals that incorporated the latest WHO rankings. Methods WHO commissioned systematic reviews and literature reviews, and convened a Guideline Development Group (GDG) of external experts free of unacceptable conflicts-of-interest. The GDG assessed the evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, and formulated recommendations using a structured evidence-to-decision approach that considered the balance of benefits and harms, feasibility, resource implications, and impact on equity. The resulting guidelines were peer-reviewed by an independent External Review Group and approved by the WHO Guidelines Review Committee. Results These guidelines recommend reductions in the overall use of medically important antimicrobials in food-producing animals, including complete restriction of use of antimicrobials for growth promotion and for disease prevention (i.e., in healthy animals considered at risk of infection). These guidelines also recommend that antimicrobials identified as critically important for humans not be used in food-producing animals for treatment or disease control unless susceptibility testing demonstrates the drug to be the only treatment option. Conclusions To preserve the effectiveness of medically important antimicrobials, veterinarians, farmers, regulatory agencies, and all other stakeholders are urged to adopt these recommendations and work towards implementation of these guidelines.