Browsing by Author "Ellard, John"

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    Accommodating Complexity: Adapting Accommodation Theory to Capture Responses to Specific Transgressions
    (2016) Rasmussen, Kyler Ray; Boon, Susan; Ellard, John; Bierman, Alex; Beran, Tanya; Agnew, Chris
    Sooner or later, we are all going to be hurt by the ones we love. Though we cannot wholly prevent such transgressions from occurring, we may be able to control how we respond, and those responses can help determine the outcome of the transgression, for good or ill. One of the most prominent models for understanding how individuals respond to transgression has been Rusbult’s EVLN model, a two-dimensional typology with four categories: Exit, Voice, Loyalty and Neglect. Despite its usefulness, this typology is limited in important ways, which prompted me to re-examine and re-calibrate the EVLN. In this dissertation, I present two studies designed to describe how individuals can respond to specific transgressions from a romantic partner (rather than responses to relationship dissatisfaction, as the EVLN was initially designed to do). In these studies, I asked undergraduate participants to list how they would respond to several hypothetical transgressions (Study 1, Phase 1; N = 107) or community participants how they actually responded to recalled transgression from a romantic partner (Study 2, Phase 1; N = 39). I then had undergraduates generate various ratings of those responses (Study 1, Phases 2 and 3; N = 150 and 195 respectively; Study 2, Phase 2, N = 197) and used multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) techniques to assess how transgression-related responses should be organized and categorized. The result is an eight-fold typology summarized by the acronym CARE-CAMP. This typology differs from the EVLN in that it provides alternate dimensions (“avoidant” and “retaliatory”) and unique categories (e.g., “Cold-Shoulder” and “Moratorium”) that add theoretically important nuance to our understanding of accommodation in close relationships.
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    Believing What You See: How Beliefs Affect Human-Autonomy Teaming
    (2022-12-23) Henke, Jonn; O'Neill, Thomas; McNeese, Nathan; Caird, Jeff; Ellard, John; Yanushkevich, Svetlana
    A quasi-experiment was performed to determine the influence that pre-existing beliefs and attitudes towards Artificial Intelligence (AI) may have on several key mechanisms linked to performance and outcomes in Human-Autonomy Teams (HATs). Participants were measured on their general attitudes towards AI, and then placed into conditions based on their attitudes. They then completed an experiment involving teamwork tasks on teams consisting of two participants and one researcher confederate posing as an AI teammate, pilot testing a new research design using a multi-player videogame as the study platform. Individuals were however shown to change their individual attitudes after interaction in the HAT, and participants broadly reported that they worked together with both their human and AI teammates in order to achieve goals, and viewed their AI teammates positively. However, this study found that individual attitudes of team members did not appear to significantly influence mechanisms nor outcomes in teams, as the measured variables in this study (Team Cognition, Engagement, and Perceived Team Performance) did not vary significantly between conditions. Besides a marginal relationship between positive attitudes towards AI and Perceived Team Performance, individual attitudes were not found to relate to predicted outcomes. The results suggests that attitudes towards AI alone may not be appropriate to use as a screening metric for considering membership of individuals in HATs, as individuals appear to readily adjust their perceptions towards AI teammates after interacting with them. Additionally, individually measured attitudes did not appear to aggregate into an appropriate group level variable in this study; development of a group level measure of attitudes towards AI team members could be a prudent addition for future HAT research.
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    A Comparison of Online Gamblers, Offline Gamblers, and Mixed Mode Gamblers on Gambling and Substance Use
    (2022-09) Slack, Braydon; McGrath, Daniel; Ellard, John; Hodgins, David; Smith, Jacqueline
    The rise in online gambling has led to greater research focus being directed toward the relationship between gambling modality and gambling behaviour. Such attention is warranted, given the significant increase in people turning to online gambling. It is currently known that mixed-mode gamblers (i.e., those who gamble online and offline) demonstrate the highest rate of disordered gambling and gambling frequency. Alcohol use has also been shown to be higher in mixed-mode gamblers, which presents a concern given the effects of alcohol on gambling behaviour. Further, mental health concerns have been shown to differ across gambling modalities. While research has begun to investigate gambling modality, more studies are required to better understand the relationship between gambling modality, substance use, and gambling behaviour. The present study explored the relationship between gambling modality, gambling behaviour, and substance use outcomes in greater depth. Specifically, 303 online, mixed-mode, and offline gamblers were surveyed on patterns of substance use, mental health concerns, and gambling severity, behaviour, and motives. Exploratory analyses were also conducted to investigate the role of COVID-19 in self-reported migration to online gambling. It was found that mixed-mode and online gambling are associated with greater gambling severity, frequency, and substance use. Further, scores on a gambling motives questionnaire were found to differ across gambling modality. Finally, results indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic influenced gambling behaviour, such that many participants self-reported migrating to online gambling. Overall, the results of this study suggest that a relationship exists between gambling modality, substance use, and gambling behaviour.
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    Death Stories: Finding Meaning in Tragic Narratives Depicted in Theatrical Performance
    (2014-05-01) Halwas, Andrea; Ellard, John
    Why individuals watch dramatized narratives about mortality and futility has been discussed throughout the history of dramatic criticism (Dukore, 1974). However the value in watching tragedy for people’s understanding of death had not been specifically studied. This project explored the reactions of people who watched and performed a tragedy about death to address two research goals: to understand how people react to dramatic portrayals that either enable finding meaning in the tradition of tragedy or challenge the idea of finding meaning in the absurdist tradition, and to document how people report aspects of the play that are helpful for dealing with loss experiences, in particular the role that existential challenges and functional illusions play in their experiences. The basis for this study was a play about the death of a man and its implications for his family. Audience members and creative team members were recruited to participate and reported their reactions to the play in focus group discussions and interviews. Participant reactions were recorded verbatim and analyzed using interpretive description qualitative methodology (Thorne et al., 2004). This was pioneer study that involved a new play and feedback from participants who engaged with that work. The findings suggest that tragedy could be a means of communication about death. In watching a tragedy several psychological and emotional needs are met (Becker, 1973; Greenberg, 1997). The global theme of the analysis was the significance of death stories, which involved three themes: reactions towards the elements of story, the search for meaning in the play, and the power of drama to normalize experiences with death. In particular, the shared experience and participants’ engagement with the play on a personal level appeared to provide ways for them to absorb existential themes in the play and speak to their need to find meaning in death. Participant resonance with the death stories portrayed in the play combined with the death stories they told suggest that narrative may be a powerful device when looking for ways to find significance and solace in loss. These findings highlight ways drama could be helpful in palliative nursing and grief therapy.
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    Experiences of Conformity in Postgraduate Medical Education
    (2015-12-22) Grendar, Jan; Beran, Tanya; Oddone Paolucci, Elizabeth; Hecker, Kent; Kassam, Aliya; Ellard, John
    A questionnaire was used to study the perception of conformity in Postgraduate Medical Education. The goals were to describe: (1) the extent of perception of pressure to conform in PGME, (2) factors that influence pressure to conform, and (3) trainees’ perception of how conformity influences their educational experience. 166 residents participated (21.3% of all residents). Individual characteristics (age, sex, PGY level, educational background) and residency program characteristics (surgical/nonsurgical, size) were not associated with a significant difference in perception of pressure to conform. Participants’ higher hierarchy rank, scenarios during off-service rotations and informal educational encounters were associated with significantly higher perception of pressure to conform. An equal number of residents perceived conformity as having a positive and negative influence on acquisition of knowledge and skills. In conclusion, although individual or program characteristics were not associated with differences in perception of pressure to conform in PGME, educational scenario characteristics were.
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    Honesty-Humility and the Overclaiming Technique
    (2016) Lee, Clara; Bourdage, Joshua; O'Neill, Thomas; Ellard, John; Weinhardt, Justin
    The current study strives to validate the use of the overclaiming technique as a method of identifying individuals who would fake on a selection assessment in a workplace setting. In order to do so, there would need to be a negative relationship between Honesty-Humility and overclaiming. This is done by manipulating the situation to mirror a workplace selection context for both a student sample and an online MTurk sample by using Valence, Instrumentality, and Expectancy from Vroom’s expectancy theory. It is proposed that in these high-stakes situations, individuals low in Honesty-Humility may be more motivated to overclaim. This was not found to be the case, as Honesty-Humility and overclaiming remain unrelated. The use of the overclaiming technique as a selection tool is discussed, and the relationship between overclaiming and Openness to Experience is further explored.
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    Improving the Adoption of Transitions in Care Technology Between Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Departments: A Scoping Review
    (2024-01-08) Sterzer, Frances Ruth; Caird, Jeff; Bourdage, Joshua; Ellard, John; Blanchard, Ian
    Abstract Background: Miscommunication during emergency care transitions between emergency medical services and emergency department personnel can lead to serious medical errors and adverse patient events. Although mobile technology has the potential to help, its global adoption within health systems remains limited. Objectives: This thesis sought to create an easily accessible repository of mobile software application features, motivations for use, and barriers that hinder the adoption of this technology. The primary goal was to support research, design, and development and improve the adoption of this critical technology. Design: The scoping review methodology was employed to explore the literature broadly. Searches were conducted in eight academic databases, including Academic Search Complete, APA PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additionally, eight preprint databases were searched, along with Google Play Apps, Apple’s App Store, and Google, to identify available documents published between 2012-2023. This strategy provided access to the most current information on emerging technology, especially those adapted for pandemic management. Author, reference, and app searches were conducted to trace the evolution and development of products. Results: The document identification process was outlined using an adapted PRISMA flow chart, resulting in the inclusion of 38 academic and non-academic documents. The review revealed twelve distinct transitions in care software applications, primarily from the U.S. (61.8%), Australia (11.8%), Japan (11.8%), Brazil (8.8%), China (2.9%), and Saudi Arabia (2.9%). Pulsara, e-Bridge, Twiage, Join, and CrashHelp were the most prominently investigated applications. The review also highlighted diverse research approaches, stakeholders' perspectives, and insights into design features, motivations, and adoption barriers. Conclusions: This research introduces a novel approach to promoting transition in care software application adoption. It has resulted in an adoption model and a comprehensive strategy encompassing various key aspects. A common theme is the need to establish a robust support system involving stakeholders, along with flexible, region-specific solutions. Collaboration between emergency practitioners is consistently emphasized, underscoring the importance of holistic tools and strategies for success. This work underscores the potential of technology and human collaboration to save lives.
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    Investigating the Relationship Between Social and Spatial Cognitive Maps in Humans
    (2021-07-22) Parmar, Jassleen; Iaria, Giuseppe; Lee, Kibeom; Ellard, John; Godley, Jenny
    The present study aimed to understand the relationship between social and spatial cognitive maps. Speculation on Tolman’s original idea of a cognitive map suggests that cognitive maps are not exclusive to physical spaces and may instead include social spaces as well. Participants completed 5 social questionnaires, as well as 5 spatial tasks and the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale. The results showed that participants who had more social competence, social capital, social support, and extraversion perceived themselves to be better at spatially navigating. However, their correlations with the objective spatial tasks showed that they were instead significantly poor at spatially navigating, but the effects were small. There was some discrepancy between the subjective and objective tasks and questionnaires. Overall, the results of this study show that there is a negative relationship between spatial navigation and the social questionnaires used.
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    Leadership and the Stereotype Content Model: Examining Gender and Ethnicity
    (2021-09) Lee, Clara; Bourdage, Joshua; Ellard, John; Ogunfowora, Babatunde; Alonso, Natalya; Lyons, Brent
    The current dissertation incorporated the stereotype content model in examining perceptions of leadership among different intersections of gender and race/ethnicity. To do so, we first measured warmth and competence stereotypes of different leaders in male and female sex-typed industries, as well as a variety of intersections of gender and race/ethnicity, in Study 1 (384 MTurk participants). A cluster analysis was conducted, which yielded four clusters of groups: low warmth, high competence; mid-warmth, low competence; mid-warmth, mid-high competence; and high warmth, low-mid competence. It was found that leaders in female sex-typed industries were stereotyped as being mostly warm, and leaders in male sex-typed industries were stereotyped as being mostly competent. We also compared perceptions of leadership effectiveness between social categories from each of the four clusters in Studies 2 (500 MTurk participants) and 3 (397 student participants). These social categories were White men, White women, Arab men, and Arab women. Surprisingly, it was found that the White male leader was not rated as the most effective leader in both studies and instead, the Arab female leader was rated as the most effective leader in Study 3. In addition, we found that perceptions of warmth and competence mediated these relationships. Reasons for these findings are explored, such as the outside context, as well as cognitive mechanisms such as subtyping, double standards of competence, and expectancy-violations. Lastly, we examined whether impression management tactics (self-promotion and ingratiation tactics specifically) would increase perceptions of competence and warmth, and consequently leadership potential, in Studies 4 (321 MTurk participants) and 5 (360 student participants). It was found that self-promotion tactics in an interview setting led to increases in competence perceptions, which then led to greater perceptions of leadership potential. Although ingratiation increased warmth perceptions, it did not always lead to improvements in leadership potential ratings. Therefore, we suggest that self-promotion techniques are a viable method of improving leadership perceptions in an interview and reasons for why such firm conclusions cannot be drawn for ingratiation techniques are explored. Lastly, we discuss future directions for this research and other practical implications.
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    Parental Perspectives of the Impact of Emotion Dysregulation on Challenging Behaviours in Autistic Children
    (2023-09-07) Horbay, Braxtyn; McCrimmon, Adam; Makarenko, Erica; Ellard, John
    Background: Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication, as well as restricted and repetitive behaviours. It is well established in the literature that difficulties with emotion regulation and the display of challenging behaviours are prominent secondary characteristics of autism that have negative consequences for both the individual and their family. Though emotion dysregulation and challenging behaviours are well studied as separate constructs, little is known about the relation between the two, how one affects the presentation of the other, and the relative implications for intervention. This thesis sought to understand the relation between emotion dysregulation and challenging behaviours by gathering parental perspectives of the perceived impact that emotion dysregulation has on their child’s challenging behaviour and the related implications for intervention. Methodology: This study was intended to be a mixed method analysis using a quantitative online survey to capture the frequency and severity of challenging behaviour and observable indicators of poor emotion regulation followed by a qualitative semi-structured interview. Results: Due to the small sample size, the quantitative data was not included in analysis and was only used to inform the construction of the qualitative semi-structured interview. Reflexive thematic analysis identified eight themes and two subthemes under the domains of emotion dysregulation, challenging behaviours, and the relation between emotion dysregulation and challenging behaviours. Discussion: This thesis identified novel information under the domains of emotion dysregulation, challenging behaviour, and the relation between the two constructs. The results present evidence of communication impairments eliciting feelings of dysregulation in autistic children, and that the inability to engage in adaptive emotion regulation and properly communicate their feelings prohibits them from choosing and engaging in an appropriate emotional response or strategy. Consequently, autistic children seem to engage in challenging behaviour. The current findings can inform programs and services that support autistic children with the goal of decreasing challenging behaviour and increasing adaptive emotion regulation skills. Important implications for future researchers include quantitatively exploring the severity of communication impairments in autistic children and how it affects both emotion dysregulation and challenging behaviour.
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    Partner research schools: Conversations about research ethics
    (2017-11-01) Brown, Barbara; Ellard, John; Faught, Erin; Mosher, Ronna
    This working document is for researchers and practitioners conducting research in schools or responsible for making decisions about the conduct of research in K-12 Schools. The working document may also be applicable to graduate students and others involved in school research. Three fictitious scenarios are provided to guide beginning conversations about some common research problems, ethical issues and questions raised by researchers and practitioners involved in K-12 school research. The purpose of the discussion questions presented at the end of each scenario is to facilitate conversations about research ethics in schools drawing on The Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (2nd edition).
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    Person-Centric Corporate Social Responsibility: A Moderated-Mediation Test of Personality and Work Meaningfulness
    (2017) Amistad, Clark; Lee, Kibeom; Chapman, Derek; Ellard, John; Steel, Piers
    The present study was conducted to examine the influence of personality and work meaningfulness on reactions to companies’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Participants were measured on personality and then shown a website of a hypothetical company that either presented CSR initiatives (treatment condition) or presented materials not related to CSR (control condition). Participants were then measured on the extent to which they found potential work at the company meaningful as well as how much they were attracted to the firm. Contrary to predictions, personality did not moderate the relationship between CSR and outcomes. However, consistent with predictions, work meaningfulness did mediate the relationship between CSR and firm attraction. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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    Recognizing Moral Disengagement: The Role of Ingroup Moral Blindspot and Accountability
    (2021-09) Goupal, Anna; Ellard, John; Bourdage, Joshua; O'Neill, Tom
    This present study examined the extent to which unethical cultures exist due to support for moral disengagement rationalizations made by members within a group. Additionally, the potential of accountability to stakeholders to act as an intervention was explored. The study was conducted on a sample of 213 psychology students in two parts, the first focused on measuring group identification using identification with Apple and Microsoft as a proxy variable. Part 2 presented students with scenarios depicting one of four moral disengagement tactics and they were then asked to rate the ethicality of the events that transpired. The results showed a lack of significant effects for most of the proposed hypotheses, however, there was evidence that the acceptability of advantageous comparison, decreased as the participants ingroup identification increased.
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    The Immoral Morality Tale: Justice Affirmation in the Machiavellian Antihero
    (2015-09-28) Wright, Joanna; Ellard, John
    In recent years, the prominence of immoral, law-breaking antihero characters (Machiavellian or Mach-antiheroes) has increased in popular media. How can this trend be explained? It may be the case that, due to globalized exposure to real life injustice, some people experience an increase in anomie and thus prefer characters who can more realistically solve injustice. In two experiments, one correlational and one comparing groups exposed to antiheroes that varied in personal and global justification, this hypothesis was examined. Although evidence was not found to directly support the hypothesis, elements of just world beliefs, anomie, and personal morality were found to be related to Mach-antihero appeal. Results also support the idea that audiences do engage in moral evaluations of Mach-antiheroes. A full discussion of results, as well as implications, limitations, and future directions for research, appear as a conclusion. Key words: antihero, justice, belief in a just world, anomie, morality
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    The Role of Personality in Person-Organization Fit: An Examination of Fit Styles
    (2016) McDouall, Joanna; Chapman, Derek; Lee, Kibeom; Ellard, John; Steel, Piers
    Person-organization fit has often been examined as a predictor of important workplace outcomes, but research examining the antecedents of PO fit is lacking. To date there is little information on how fit perceptions form, or if individuals react similarly to different types of fit. The present program of research aimed to gain further insight into the role that personality has on perceptions of PO fit by examining the possibility of fit styles. Data was collected online cross-nationally from 300 employees spanning various organizations and industries. Results demonstrated that personality is predictive of some fit styles, and that work outcomes are affected by interactions between fit styles and fit perceptions. Furthermore, personality was predictive of fit perceptions, suggesting that the salience of fit dimensions is partly affected by individual differences such as personality.
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    The Role of the Justice Motive in Reactions to Illness and Injury
    (2015-01-08) Violato, Efrem; Ellard, John
    Justice motive theory provides an account of people’s reactions to violations of their belief in a just world and the variable ways they will attempt to maintain their view of the world as just. Work in the area has extensively examined observer reactions to the fates of others. Less is known about how people react to injustice associated with their own outcomes. The present research examines justice relevant factors associated with experiencing injury or illness including fairness, deservingness, and the potential moderating effects of severity and responsibility. To assess these factors correlational, regression and MANOVA analysis were used. The potential for injury and illness to give rise to fairness and deservingness concerns was apparent for many but not all participants. In addition the hypothesized just world protective strategies of self-blame, self-derogation, compensatory cognition, and reevaluating the outcome were evident in participants’ reactions to infirmities.
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    What Do You Mean I Have Autism? Perspectives of the Impact and Lived Experiences of Individuals on the Autism Spectrum Being Uninformed of Their Diagnosis
    (2022-08-25) Lorentz, Brittany R.; McCrimmon, Adam; Makarenko, Erica; Ellard, John
    Autism (spectrum disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a range of qualitative impairments in social communication across various settings as well as restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviours, interests, or activities. Many autistic individuals go through the diagnostic process while still a minor, with parents serving as translators of sharing the outcomes of the assessment with their child. Parents are often overwhelmed with contemplating whether to tell their child about the diagnosis as there are considerable stereotypes and stigma associated with the label of autism and parents often associate this when receiving the diagnosis from a clinician. Therefore, considerable time and thought go into the decision of whether to disclose the information to one’s child. The current study investigated the lived experiences of autistics who were not disclosed their autism diagnosis and remained uninformed for at least one year. A qualitative methodology was conducted to understand autistics’ perceptions, understanding, and opinions on nondisclosure of their autism diagnosis. Six participants took part in semi-structured interviews that were then analyzed utilizing interpretive phenomenogical analysis. Six group experience themes emerged from cross-case analysis of individual experiential themes. The findings of the study are discussed in context to existing literature and highlighting new knowledge as well as discussion of clinical and research implications and suggestions for future research.