PRISM :: Browsing by Author "Ferber, Reed"

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Browsing by Author "Ferber, Reed"

Now showing 1 - 20 of 34

Open Access
Between-limb Gait and Muscle Strength Asymmetry in Runners with Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
(2013-06-20) Webber, Talia; Ferber, Reed
Purpose: To investigate between-limb gait and muscle strength asymmetry in patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) subjects and controls. Methods: Three-dimensional hip, knee, and ankle joint kinematics were collected during treadmill running. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions of the hip musculature were collected using a force dynamometer. PFPS subjects completed a 6-week strengthening program. Discrete variable asymmetry was calculated using analysis of variance and waveform kinematic asymmetry was calculated using coefficients of multiple correlation and root mean square error. Results: PFPS exhibited between-limb asymmetry of hip and knee transverse plane waveform kinematics, while controls exhibited asymmetry of hip frontal plane waveform kinematics. PFPS subjects exhibited decreased hip transverse plane and increased knee transverse plane waveform kinematic asymmetry following rehabilitation. Conclusion: PFPS subjects demonstrate a different pattern of gait asymmetry than controls. Increases in hip muscle strength results in between-limb asymmetry of PFPS subjects to more closely resemble that of healthy controls.
Open Access
Biofeedback Gait Retraining under Real-World Running Conditions
(2023-08) Chan, Zoe Yau Shan; Ferber, Reed; Tsang, Sharon M. H.; Cheung, Roy T. H.; Boyd, Jeffery E.; Roach, Koren E.; Kong, Veni P. W.
Gait retraining has been used as an intervention to mitigate the risk of injuries among distance runners. Lab-based gait retraining has demonstrated promising results in changing biomechanical parameters associated with injuries. However, there was limited evidence that supports the transfer of training effect to conditions that resemble real-world running. The main objective of this thesis was to optimize the training protocol for training under real-world conditions and five studies were conducted to address three specific aims: 1) identify the limitations of conventional training protocols, 2) assess habitual gait adaptations in real-world running, and 3) establish the technical specifications for gait assessment using wearables. Regarding the first specific aim, two studies were conducted to examine the transfer of training effect to untrained conditions, including overground and slopes. Results of both studies suggested incomplete transfer, hence, gait retraining along overground running routes with slopes was recommended. For the second specific aim, our third study examined the natural biomechanical adaptations along slopes. Differences in speed and cadence were observed between various slope conditions from real-world training data. As these changes could potentially affect training, an adaptive feedback model was recommended. Tibial acceleration can be measured using wearables and is a common outcome measure for gait retraining. The fourth and fifth studies addressed the third specific aim and presented the technical considerations required for accurate and reliable tibial acceleration measurements under conditions that resemble real-world running. Based on the findings, it was recommended to use wearables with an accelerometer operating range wider than ±16-g and to measure a minimum of 100 consecutive strides during each condition. Finally, a gait retraining protocol for training under real-world conditions was proposed based on the findings of the five studies and was evaluated. The evaluation study has demonstrated the feasibility of using adaptive feedback in real-world training using wearables. Reduction of tibial acceleration was observed after the training in various slope conditions. Overall, the findings of this thesis provided insights for further optimization of the gait retraining protocol and future development of feedback systems suitable for use under real-world conditions.
Open Access
Biomechanical and clinical factors related to stage I posterior tibialis tendon dysfunction
(2010) Rabbito, Melissa; Ferber, Reed
Open Access
Change of Direction Movement Evaluation in Soccer-Specific Environment with Inertial Measurement Units: Guiding Practice and Test Tasks in Youth Soccer
(2023-06-02) Alanen, Aki-Matti; Pasanen, Kati; Benson, Lauren C.; Jordan, Matthew J.; Ferber, Reed
Soccer players perform a multitude of change of direction (COD) movements while playing. This multiplanar movement has been related to both performance and injury-risk in previous studies. However, traditional testing of COD ability has been done with preplanned protocols that lack the aspect of perception and reaction and commonly use only running time as the main variable. Therefore, the main objectives of this thesis were to explore novel methods of COD testing with the use of inertial measurement units (IMUs) in both preplanned soccer-specific tests and during game-play. The results of Chapter Three suggest that neither peak resultant acceleration (PRA) nor peak angular velocity (PAV) is a reliable metric in final foot contact (FFC) analysis of 180° pivot turns. The intra-class correlations (ICC) for pivot turns on both sides were unacceptable. However, when separating females and males it was found that the reliability in female participants was significantly better. In Chapter Four, the in-season variability of PRA was found to be different between previously injured players and injury free players, specifically during the FFC of 180° pivot turns. Chapter Five expanded upon the game-specific demands on COD movements based on playing positions. Significant differences in volume and types of CODs by playing position were found, which raises the question if youth soccer player testing for multiplanar movement abilities, should consider specific playing position related demands better in the future. Chapter Six complemented the studies by providing results of measurements obtained with IMUs in relation to situational patterns during game-play. The findings indicated that running speed, COD angle, pressure from opposing player, and contact with another player prior or during the cut would increase the acceleration during the COD, thus increasing the demands of the neuromuscular system. In conclusion, following one or two specific metrics at single timepoints to analyze COD ability is not recommended. Future research should search for methods involving perception-reaction while performing COD and these could be complemented with wearable technology measures. The combinations of multiple variables could be used to follow-up fluctuations of player performance through a longer follow-up period.
Open Access
Changes in gait mechanics, muscle strength, pain and physical function for knee osteoarthritis patients following a 6-week exercise intervention
(2011) Kilback, Whitney; Ferber, Reed
Open Access
Changes in joint coupling and variability during walking following tibialis posterior muscle fatigue
(BioMed Central, 2011-02-04) Ferber, Reed; Pohl, Michael B.
Open Access
Changes in multi-segment foot biomechanics with a heat-mouldable semi-custom foot orthotic device
(BioMed Central, 2011-06-21) Ferber, Reed; Benson, Brittany
Open Access
Changes in Running Gait Biomechanics Following Exercise Intervention Program in Older Runners
(2013-07-10) Fukuchi, Reginaldo; Ferber, Reed
The pursuit of healthy ageing has seen a dramatic increase in the number of older adults engaging in physical activity programs such as running. However, the incidence of running-related injuries among these runners has also increased representing a significant problem considering the inactivity associated with injury. The aim of the present thesis was to address two major problems for clinical researchers: (1) understanding the effects of biological ageing on musculoskeletal function and running biomechanics; (2) understanding the effects of exercise recommended to counteract the effects of ageing. Two studies were conducted to investigate the age-related adaptations in running biomechanics and their association with musculoskeletal function using traditional and an emergent data analysis technique. The first study involved a cross-sectional investigation using traditional statistics and we found an overall reduction in muscle strength and flexibility along with atypical running biomechanics for older runners compared to their younger counterparts. The second study involved a machine learning technique that demonstrated a promising ability to predict age-group membership based only on gait kinematic variables. When a more comprehensive and representative number of gait variables were tested using the same machine learning approach, the results were similar. The final experiment was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to determine the effects of exercise on musculoskeletal function and running biomechanics in older runners. An innovative scoring approach was developed that demonstrated running biomechanical patterns were not changed following an 8-week stretching or strengthening protocol.
Open Access
Determining Speed and Stride Length using an Ultrawide Bandwidth Local Positioning System
(2021-01-13) Singh, Pratham P.; Stefanyshyn, Darren John; Boyd, Jeffrey Edwin; Edwards, William Brent; Ferber, Reed; Yanushkevich, Svetlana N.
There are many modalities that can profile speed and stride length for runners. One such modality includes using wearable technologies. An example of a wearable technology includes a global positioning system-based wearable. However, due to its limitations, an alternative may include a local positioning system-based wearable operating in the ultrawide bandwidth. Considering that a local positioning system is not good at determining gait events such as heel and step count, applying sensor fusion with an inertial measurement unit may be beneficial. Therefore, the purpose of the dissertation was to compare speed and stride length determined from an ultrawide bandwidth local positioning system equipped with an inertial measurement unit to a criterion standard (i.e. the “gold standard”) such as video motion capture and timing gates. The data suggest that the local positioning system used in the project may not be a valid tool without further processing. Using machine learning algorithms, pertinent features from a gait cycle that can better extract speed and stride length were explored. More specifically, using a stepwise linear regression model first and then using a feedforward neural network proved to be quite successful in estimating stride length. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the project, Chapter 2 provides a review of relevant literature, Chapter 3 provides an insight into the materials and methods used, Chapter 4 shows the results obtained from the methods described earlier, Chapter 5 is a discussion of the results obtained and Chapter 6 concludes with suggestions regarding next steps that should be taken.
Open Access
Developing a robotic assessment tool for sense of effort
(2017) Logan, Lindsey Marie; Dukelow, Sean Peter; Ferber, Reed; Debert, Chantel
Proprioception comprises the senses of position, movement, and effort of our body and limbs. These senses are generally difficult to quantify, but previous studies have done so using robotic assessments of position and movement sense. In the present study, to characterize sense of effort, we asked subjects to match torques applied to one elbow (“reference”) with their contralateral elbow (“matching”). Elbow angles were varied. We hypothesized that healthy subjects’ matching torques would reflect different reference torque levels, and that subjects would perform best with both elbows at the same angles. In general, our hypotheses were confirmed. Subjects exerted more torque to move toward the reference arm position, and less to move away. However, subjects also tended to overestimate the reference torques. The enclosed thesis describes results of four experiments examining sense of effort in healthy subjects. These experiments provide foundation for quantifying sense of effort in neurologically impaired individuals.
Open Access
Differences in Kinetic Variables Between Injured and Uninjured Rearfoot Runners: A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
(2022-09) Senevirathna, Benthara Hettiarachchige Angela Madushani; Ferber, Reed; Edwards, W. Brent; Jordan, Maththew; Manske, Sarah
Running is a popular form of physical activity with a surprisingly high incidence of running-related injuries. While the relationship between running related injuries and ground reaction forces has been investigated, a limitation of previous research is that the heterogeneity of movement patterns within a control group creates confounding factors between variables. A potential solution is to use unsupervised cluster-based analyses to group individuals with similar ground reaction force features and thus investigate differences between identified clusters. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether homogenous clusters exist within a large cohort of injured and healthy runners. The results show that two homogeneous clusters were identified using hierarchical cluster analysis and no significant differences in demographic variables were observed, nor were the proportion of injured and healthy runners between the two clusters. Thus, while there appears to be evidence for two distinct homogeneous kinetic clusters within our large sample of injured and healthy runners, there is no association between these kinetic clusters and running-related injuries.
Open Access
Efficacy of wearable devices for describing fatigue-related movement patterns in running and neurological disease
(2024-01-09) Dimmick, Hannah Lee; Ferber, Reed; Culos-Reed, Nicole; Lee, Joon
Wearable technology allows for research to take place in more applied settings and generate more data than ever before, giving researchers the opportunity to collect enough data to construct individualized models in a variety of settings. These techniques can help tie subjective feelings of fatigue to objective physiological and biomechanical observations, driving better understanding into this psychosomatic connection. In Chapter 3, good-to-excellent reliability was shown for a variety of statistical features derived from the acceleration waveform of a low-back IMU worn while running during both non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. However, this utilized a group-based analysis and did not include reliability metrics for individuals or quantify within-subject variability and was performed on a treadmill, limiting generalizability. Due to these limitations, Chapter 4 aimed to classify group and individual changes in biomechanics with fatigue in both laboratory and overground environments, finding that classification accuracy was lower for the group-based models (57.0 – 61.5%) than the individualized models (68.2 – 68.9%), and variable importance rankings differed between models and participants. We concluded that using an individualized approach to measure fatigue-related biomechanics in running could lead to better understanding of how these may impact performance or injury. Furthermore, we hypothesized that this approach could similarly be used to investigate fatigue in other sports science and clinical applications, such as neurological disease. Thus, in Chapter 5, we reviewed the evidence for the relationship between gait and fatigue in neurological disease and found no obvious transdiagnostic relationships between gait/mobility and fatigue in neurological diseases, and instead indicated that these relationships were more likely to be condition- and subject-specific. Based on these conclusions, Chapter 6 investigated the association between activity/sleep metrics and fatigue/symptom severity in myasthenia gravis, employing similar methods to Chapter 4. When analyzing the individual models, it was clear that there are often individual-level associations between movement and fatigue/symptom severity, highlighting the importance of analyzing within individuals to determine potentially relevant outcomes to the patient. Overall, these investigations demonstrate how individualized approaches may be superior to group-based analyses when made possible using wearable devices and big data approaches, with implications for injury prevention, performance enhancement, and improving patient care.
Open Access
Enhancing Student Learning Through the Eyes of Teaching Award Winners
(2013-05-15) Petovello, Mark; Ferber, Reed; Gabruck, Mila; Teng, Loretta (Moderator)
Open Access
Evidence-informed methods for predicting rehabilitation outcomes for individuals with patellofemoral pain
(2018-04-25) Watari, Ricky; Ferber, Reed; Edwards, William Brent; Hettinga, Blayne Alexander
Patellofemoral pain is a very common musculoskeletal complaint and exercise interventions are the treatment of choice for this condition. However, 15% to 40% of patients present a poor response to rehabilitation and identifying objective measures that can help screen patients who are more likely to present successful results after rehabilitation is important for the optimization of treatment strategies. Therefore, the overarching purpose of this thesis is to develop evidence-based methods for predicting the outcome of exercise treatment in young recreational runners with patellofemoral pain. We found that a classification model using data from conventional motion capture system was able to distinguish between treatment responders and non-responders with 78% of accuracy. To make this classification model more accessible in a clinical setting, we tested whether pelvic acceleration patterns during running could be clustered into homogeneous sub-groups of individuals with patellofemoral pain. We identified two clusters for females and one cluster for males, indicating the clinical utility of this approach for the identification of patient sub-groups. The next study developed a classification model based on pelvic acceleration data to classify patients according to treatment response, achieving an 85% classification accuracy and showing a more clinically accessible approach. Finally, we tested the equivalency of marker-based and inertial measurement unit-based segment acceleration data when applied to a random classification problem in order to understand if the latter classification model could be applied using wearable devices. Overall, the findings indicated a 35% likelihood of decrease in performance of classifiers when the input data were crossed over from different sources. Therefore, a new classification model would have to be developed using data from wearable sensors to facilitate the implementation of this method in a clinical setting. We conclude that the outcome of exercise intervention protocols for the treatment of patellofemoral pain can be predicted using baseline gait analysis data with systems that can be applied in a laboratory setting and has the potential of being translated to a clinical setting as well.
Open Access
Examining workload in dancers: How much and how hard are dancers working?
(2023-01-13) Volkova, Valeriya Georgivna; Kenny, Sarah; Ferber, Reed; Benson, Lauren; Pasanen, Kati
As artistic athletes, dancers participate in long hours of training, increasing their risk of injury. Workload, which describes how much and how hard dancers work, can improve our understanding of dancers’ training and lead to the development of effective injury prevention strategies. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis was to investigate dancers’ workloads across all dance genres and dance levels of participation, examine how wellness factors influence dancers’ workloads, and explore dancers’, dance teachers’ and dance parents’ attitudes and current use practices of wearable technology in the dance studio environment. In Chapter Two, a systematic search of the literature identified that the most common tool used to quantify dancers’ workload was ‘hours’, although it does not account for the intensity of dance training. The observed trend in dance workload research is moving from capturing only exposure or intensity of training, to capturing workload where both the volume and intensity of dance training is considered. In Chapter Three, longitudinal monitoring of female undergraduate university dancers’ workloads and wellness found that the dancers’ workloads were not significantly associated with any of the seven wellness factors examined. In Chapter Four, dancers’ external workloads were quantified using wearable technology and video movement analysis. Dancers’ external workloads were higher than 70,000AU in a session, and were larger in classes than rehearsals. In a typical dance session, transitions were the most commonly performed dance movement, followed by floor rolls, and jumps. In Chapter Five, dancers, dance teachers, and dance parents reported modest attitudes towards wearable technology and high self-efficacy of using wearable technology. Prevalence of using wearables in the studio was approximately 50%, with smartwatches and wristband activity trackers being the most common devices used. Identified barriers to using wearables in dance included dance studio rules, not having a device, and lack of interest in wearables. In conclusion, a wide range of tools and devices can be used to monitor dancers’ workloads, allowing for prospective workload monitoring, and paving the way for the workload-injury association to be examined in dance.
Open Access
Gender differences in gait kinematics for patients with knee osteoarthritis
(BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 2016-04-01) Phinyomark, Angkoon; Osis, Sean; Hettinga, Blayne; Kobsar, Dylan; Ferber, Reed
Background: Females have a two-fold risk of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA) as compared to their male counterparts and atypical walking gait biomechanics are also considered a factor in the aetiology of knee OA. However, few studies have investigated sex-related differences in walking mechanics for patients with knee OA and of those, conflicting results have been reported. Therefore, this study was designed to examine the differences in gait kinematics (1) between male and female subjects with and without knee OA and (2) between healthy gender-matched subjects as compared with their OA counterparts. Methods: One hundred subjects with knee OA (45 males and 55 females) and 43 healthy subjects (18 males and 25 females) participated in this study. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected during treadmill-walking and analysed using (1) a traditional approach based on discrete variables and (2) a machine learning approach based on principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) using waveform data. Results: OA and healthy females exhibited significantly greater knee abduction and hip adduction angles compared to their male counterparts. No significant differences were found in any discrete gait kinematic variable between OA and healthy subjects in either the male or female group. Using PCA and SVM approaches, classification accuracies of 98–100 % were found between gender groups as well as between OA groups. Conclusions: These results suggest that care should be taken to account for gender when investigating the biomechanical aetiology of knee OA and that gender-specific analysis and rehabilitation protocols should be developed.
Open Access
Immigration, Integration, and Intersectoral Partnership: A Critical Examination of Introductory Winter Sport Programmes for Newcomers to Canada
(2022-07-14) Barrick, Simon John; Bridel, William; Paskevich, David; Culos-Reed, Nicole; Ferber, Reed; Wong, Lloyd; Rich, Kyle
Sport participation is popularly constructed as a key aspect of integration for newcomers into their new countries of residence. These claims, however, are critiqued by sport and migration researchers. While newcomer sport participation is receiving increasing scholarly interest, lived experiences of newcomers in introductory winter sport programmes and the (in)efficacy of such programmes remains underexplored. Winter sports hold a central place within Canadian culture and identity, making the intersection between winter sport, immigration, integration, and Canadian identity a timely topic of investigation. I approached this research from a relativist ontological as well as interpretivist and social constructionist epistemological perspectives. The overarching purpose was to explore the realities of designing and implementing introductory winter sport programmes as well as the lived experiences of newcomer participants. First, six Canadian Intro to Sport programmes involving newcomers were examined using an interpretivist, qualitative research design. Results from this study were incorporated into designing the WinSport Newcomers Programme (WNP), an intersectoral community partnership comprising sport administrators, settlement service practitioners from three separate organizations, and me. I adopted a qualitative case study research design to explore the lived experiences of WNP participants and their parents as well as the (in)efficacy of the WNP as an intersectoral community partnership. Results illuminated the value of winter sport participation for newcomers to Canada as well as various challenges facing the sustainability of newcomer winter sport participation. The WNP represents a maturing intersectoral community partnership that has excelled at introducing newcomers to Canadian winter sports. Yet, various weaknesses (e.g., collaborators negotiating job-related time pressures) are obstructing the collaboration’s effectiveness. Together, the results critique and identify shortcomings in newcomer introductory winter sport programmes, while also offering important insights into how newcomer introductory winter sport programmes may be designed to foster positive outcomes.
Open Access
Integration of Multiple Low-Cost Wearable Inertial/Magnetic Sensors and Kinematics of Lower Limbs for Improving Pedestrian Navigation Systems
(2019-07-25) Tjhai, Chandra; O'Keefe, Kyle; El-Sheimy, Naser M; Ferber, Reed; Detchev, Ivan Denislavov; Wieser, Andreas
This thesis presents a work in pedestrian navigation that utilizes multiple low-cost wearable inertial/magnetic sensors and kinematics of lower limbs for improving the positioning performance. A multi-wearable sensor system is developed for this research in order to record the walking motion using multiple MPU-6050 and MPU-9250 sensors. The focus of this research is to investigate the feasibility of using multiple low-cost sensors distributed on lower limb segments as a pedestrian navigation system. The proposed method uses seven wearable sensor modules distributed on pelvis, thighs and shanks. A skeletal model consists of five limb segments is used to model the forward kinematics of lower limbs. Different attitude estimator algorithms are tested and compared. The step size and heading are computed using the forward kinematics. To evaluate the proposed navigation method, two experiments are conducted. The first experiment is a treadmill walk to evaluate the accuracy of the estimated segment orientation angles and step sizes. The second experiment involves turning motion where a test subject walks around a rectangular path. The results show that the use of a wearable multi-sensor system can provide a pedestrian navigation solution with error comparable to the solution computed using a single higher-cost sensor.
Open Access
Lumbopelvic Stability in Non-specific Low Back Pain: Exploring the Relationships between Hip Strengthening, Lumbopelvic Mechanics, and Pain
(2013-04-29) Kendall, Karen Dawn; Ferber, Reed; Wiley, Preston; Emery, Carolyn
Low back pain (LBP) is among the most common chronic conditions in Canada and upwards of 85% of low back pain cases become classified as non-specific low back pain (NSLBP) meaning that a definitive diagnosis cannot be found. This represents a significant problem for clinical practitioners treating these individuals. The objective of this research is to address in part two major challenges facing clinical researchers, understanding the mechanisms that contribute to NSLBP and identifying treatment strategies that yield optimal clinical outcomes for individuals with chronic NSLBP. With this research we aimed to contribute new knowledge in two areas for which gaps in the literature exist; the clinical assessment of lumbopelvic stability and the value of specific hip strengthening exercise within exercise therapy programs designed to treat NSLBP. Three studies involving cross-sectional, experimental, and quasi-experimental designs were used to investigate the validity of the Trendelenburg test (TT) as a functional measure of hip abductor muscle (HABD) strength and lumbopelvic stability. A fourth study, a randomized controlled trial was used to compare the efficacy of two exercise therapy programs for the reduction of pain and disability in individuals with NSLBP. The first study revealed non-significant negative correlations between HABD strength and contralateral pelvic drop (cPD) measured during the TT. The second study demonstrated that significant reductions in HABD strength did not result in the compensatory frontal plane motion at the hip pelvis and trunk described by the Trendelenburg’s theory. The third study showed that despite an average reduction in pain of 48%, and significant increases in HABD strength, no changes in cPD were measured during the TT following a specific HABD strengthening program. The randomized controlled trial determined that the addition of hip strengthening to a motor control-focused lumbopelvic exercise program did not result in changes in lumbopelvic mechanics or greater reductions in pain and disability in individuals with NSLBP. In conclusion, the validity of the TT as measure of HABD strength is not supported and suggests that it has limited use as a measure of lumbopelvic stability. Further research to develop optimal exercise therapies for the treatment of NSLBP is needed.
Open Access
Making Sense of Sensor Data for Recreational and Competitive Runners: Detecting Typical and Atypical Running Biomechanics
(2019-06-21) Clermont, Christian Arthur; Ferber, Reed; Bouyer, Laurent; Duffett-Leger, Linda A.; Hettinga, Blayne A.; MacMullan, Paul A.
Running-related injuries can result from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors (e.g., running biomechanics, performance level, fatigue). Unfortunately, running biomechanics research has traditionally been performed in the lab. Therefore, the main objectives of this thesis were to establish novel methods to quantify typical running biomechanics for competitive and recreational runners and identify atypical changes due to fatigue and muscle soreness from a marathon race. In Chapter Three, it was found that competitive and recreational runners can be classified with greater than 80% accuracy using machine learning and lower-limb kinematic data. The translation of these methods to wearable sensor data can improve the generalizability of these findings. Therefore, in Chapter Four, centre of mass (CoM) acceleration data was used to classify competitive and recreational runners in sex-specific subgroups with greater than 80%. Thus, these experiments sought to establish specific subgroup running gait patterns both inside and out of the laboratory setting. Chapter Five expanded upon these findings and used a commercially-available wearable sensor and new statistical methods to detect alterations in subject-specific running biomechanics over the course of a fatigue-inducing marathon race. The culmination of these studies was Chapter Six wherein CoM acceleration data identified subject-specific typical running patterns prior to the marathon and determined whether fatigue-induced changes in gait patterns persist in the days following the race. The findings indicated an atypical shift in the runners’ CoM motion toward the mediolateral axis with only two days of recovery. In conclusion, it is evident that wearable sensor data, signal processing, and sophisticated analyses can be used to detect typical and atypical running biomechanics that may be associated with changes in performance and/or potential heightened risks of injury.