Browsing by Author "Law, Michael"

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    An Investigation of the Geochemistry and Hydrogeology of the Queen Charlotte Fault
    (2021-03-23) Law, Michael; Lauer, Rachel; Tutolo, Ben; Solomon, Evan
    Considerable attention has been given to characterizing the relationship between fluids and plate boundary fault systems at convergent margins, yet comparatively little is known about the hydrogeology of submerged transform boundaries. Following the 2012 M7.8 earthquake off western Haida Gwaii, an international scientific partnership was established between US and Canadian scientists to study the Queen Charlotte Fault – a ~1200 km transform fault between the Pacific and North American plates, where ~ 900 km lies offshore. Scientific expeditions onboard the R/V John P. Tully in 2015 and 2017 identified numerous water column anomalies (i.e seeps), mud volcanoes, microbial mats, and indicators of seabed fluid flow along the QCF. Analyses of pore fluids recovered from the 2017 cruise revealed abundant overprinting signatures of carbonate precipitation, anaerobic oxidation of methane, and particulate organic carbon sulfate reduction processes that dictate the chemistry of the observed pore waters. These chemical processes promote the formation of carbonates and iron sulfides that fuel microbial mats and diverse chemosynthetic communities at the seafloor. Analyses of water isotopes and chloride concentrations suggest that certain locations in proximity to the QCF may be influenced by meteoric water, or some currently unknown isotopic depletion process. Strontium isotopes reveal a non-radiogenic strontium signature at depth, suggesting basalt-fluid interaction and/or a diagenetic overprinting of sedimentary ash alteration. Fluids collected from CTD casts in the southern portion of the QCF suggest that actively seeping fluids have been influenced by the formation of gas hydrates. Taken together, the results presented in this investigation imply a significant flux of hydrocarbons (primarily methane) is occurring from buried sediments, in combination with high productivity in the water column contributing organic material during sedimentation. A general overall signature of authigenic carbonate precipitation is found at most sites along the entire length of the QCF, acting as a major sink for calcium, magnesium, and strontium between the ocean and seafloor sediments. Migration of fluids within the QCF is complex and varied from the northern region to the south – this study provides an overall preliminary insight to the inner workings of the QCF that merit ongoing investigation.
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    Trends in Canadian prescription drug purchasing: 2001–2020
    (2022-03-17) Hofmeister, Mark; Sivakumar, Ashwinie; Clement, Fiona; Hayes, Kaleen N.; Law, Michael; Guertin, Jason R.; Neville, Heather L.; Tadrous, Mina
    Abstract Background In 2019, more than $34.5 billion was spent on prescription drugs in Canada. However, little is known about the distribution of this spending across medications and settings (outpatient and inpatient) over time. The objective of this paper is to describe the largest expenditures by medication class over time in inpatient and outpatient settings. This information can help to guide policies to control prescription medication expenditures. Methods IQVIA’s Canadian Drugstore and Hospital Purchases Audit data from January 1, 2001, to December 31, 2020, were used. In this dataset, purchasing was stratified by outpatient drugstore and inpatient hospital. Spending trajectories in both settings were compared to total expenditure over time. Total expenditure of the 25 medications with the largest expenditure were compared over time, stratified by setting. Nominal costs were used for all analysis. Results In 2001, spending in the outpatient and inpatient settings was greatest on atorvastatin ($467.0 million) and erythropoietin alpha ($91.2 million), respectively. In 2020, spending was greatest on infliximab at $1.2 billion (outpatient) and pembrolizumab at $361.6 million (inpatient). Annual outpatient spending, although increasing, has been growing at a slower rate (5.3%) than inpatient spending (7.0%). In both settings, spending for the top 25 medications has become increasingly concentrated on biologic agents, with a reduction in the diversity of therapeutic classes of agents over time. Discussion Identification of the concentration on spending on biologic agents is a key step in managing costs of prescription medications in Canada. Given the increases in spending on biologic agents over the last 20 years, current cost-control mechanisms may be insufficient. Future research efforts should focus on examining the effectiveness of current cost-control mechanisms and identifying new approaches to cost control for biologic agents.