Browsing by Author "Raj, Satish R."

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    Quality of Life and Psychological Wellbeing in Patients with Vasovagal Syncope
    (2019-02-22) Ng, Jessica; Raj, Satish R.; Exner, Derek V.; Sheldon, Robert Stanley; Sears, Samuel F.
    Background: Vasovagal syncope (VVS) is the most common form of syncope. Previous findings have indicated that VVS patients experience a poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and considerable psychological distress. However, there is limited data comparing both outcomes between VVS patients and closely-matched healthy individuals, as well as identifying specific factors that affect changes in QoL over time. Aims: We aimed to identify the differences in HRQoL and psychological profile between VVS patients and a contemporary group of non-fainting healthy individuals. We also aimed to examine the change in HRQoL over time in VVS patients, as well as explore whether change differed with treatment or fainting during study follow up. Methods: The RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND36) or Short Form Health Survey (SF36), global health visual analogue scale (VAS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Expanded Form were completed by healthy individuals, and by VVS patients at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Results: At baseline, VVS patients reported poorer HRQoL on all scales of the RAND36 and the VAS compared to healthy participants. VVS patients had significantly greater anxiety, depression, and anxiety sensitivity, as well as more negative affect and less positive affect. Over a 1-year period, patients reported improvement in all SF36 dimensions except for bodily pain. Post hoc analyses indicated that differences first occurred between baseline and 6 months for all but general health. Additionally, recent faints experienced during follow up or study drug randomization did not alter the improvements. Conclusions: The results from this thesis further support a negative relationship between VVS and a patient’s quality of life and psychological profile. Patients may benefit from a more comprehensive assessment and treatment of HRQoL, anxiety, and depression during presentation and subsequent follow up visits. Moreover, while HRQoL improves in VVS patients over time, future initiatives could identify alternative factors that may contribute to these changes.
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    The Cardiovascular Implications of Gender-Affirming Estrogen Therapy Use in Transgender Women
    (2024-04-24) Rytz, Chantal Louise; Ahmed, Sofia Bano; Saad, Nathalie; Dumanski, Sandra Marie; Ronksely, Paul Everett; Raj, Satish R.; Somayaji, Ranjani
    Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death globally, with transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals, and particularly transgender women (sex assigned male at birth who identify as women) facing significant rates of cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality. While uncertainties exist regarding the potential contribution of gender-affirming estrogen therapy in the increased cardiovascular risk noted in this population, there remains a critical evidence gap in understanding how factors such as serum estradiol levels, sex assigned at birth, and gender identity impact cardiovascular risk. Therefore it was the objective of this thesis to determine the cardiovascular implications of gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender women, which was explored from various angles through conducting three independent studies. Our first study provides an understanding of the association between serum estradiol and cardiovascular-related mortality, adverse cardiovascular events and cardiovascular related risk factors using a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. We determined that the rate of serum estradiol change across the use of gender-affirming estrogen therapy may influence cardiovascular risk factors, which may have implications for clinical cardiovascular outcomes. Using a cross-sectional approach, our second study evaluated the impact of gender identity and sex assigned at birth on measures of vascular hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in transgender women as compared to cisgender women and men. Our findings underscore the importance of considering gender identity in addition sex assigned at birth when evaluating measures of cardiovascular health and risk. Our final study addressed the major methodological limitation with retrospective studies within the TGD population by generating and validating numerous case-definitions to identify both transgender women and men in routinely-collected healthcare data in Alberta, Canada. By linking numerous administrative data sources and testing against a reference standard of self-identified gender identity, a combination of using sex assigned in provincial registry and exogenous hormone dispensations or TGD-related billing codes were the most sensitive at identifying TGD individuals, and were employed to approximate both prevalence and incidence per 100,000 person-years, providing a first-ever assessment of the TGD population within Alberta. Despite recent advances and calls for the incorporation of both sex and gender into health research and clinical care, gaps in the understanding of cardiovascular health in transgender women remain. Our findings highlight numerous factors that may be implicated in cardiovascular health and risk in the transgender women population. This thesis may inform areas for further interventions aimed at improving cardiovascular health, mitigating cardiovascular disease risk, and exploring clinical cardiovascular outcomes in transgender women.