Browsing by Author "Reid, Mary L."
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- ItemOpen AccessAttack and Reproductive Success of Mountain Pine Beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Fire-Damaged Lodgepole Pines(Entomological Societyof America, 2004) Elkin, Che M.; Reid, Mary L.; Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Calgary
- ItemOpen AccessCan field courses provide monitoring data for protected areas?(2008) Reid, Mary L.; Appleby, A.; Hola, M.; Parent, A.; Phelan, J.; Sun, T.
- ItemOpen AccessComparison of the Efficacy of Pheromone-Baited Traps, Pheromone-Baited Trees, and Felled Trees for the Control of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)(Entomological Society of America, 2003) Laidlaw, W. G.; Prenzel, B.G.; Reid, Mary L.; Fabris, S.; Wieser, H.; Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Calgary
- ItemOpen AccessThe Contribution of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism to Aerobic Scope of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)(2020-04-28) McCaffrey, Theresa Marie Fowlow; Syme, Douglas A.; Vijayan, Mathilakath M.; Reid, Mary L.Beyond cellular maintenance, fish require additional energy to accomplish activities such as swimming, digestion, growth, and reproduction. Aerobic scope is the capacity to increase metabolic rate above the minimum (i.e. standard vs maximal metabolism) to meet the demands required for these other activities. Increasing temperatures often increase the standard metabolic rate, reducing and limiting aerobic scope, and it has been suggested this may ultimately limit heat tolerance in fishes. Many different tissues collectively contribute to metabolic rate, but we do not know if specific tissues dominate energy use in fishes, nor how they are impacted by temperature. This thesis investigated the hypothesis that red, aerobic muscle is the primary contributor to the aerobic metabolism, and thus aerobic scope, of a swimming fish. Swim tunnel respirometry using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and measures of oxygen consumption on isolated, working muscle were used to determine their respective aerobic scopes, using oxygen as a proxy for aerobic metabolism across a range of temperatures, up to those approaching the critical thermal maximum of rainbow trout. Further, the mass of red muscle in fish, along with measures of metabolic rate, were used to assess the contribution of red muscle metabolism to that of the whole fish. It was found that red muscle was not a major contributor of aerobic metabolism compared to the whole fish, and thus it was not a major component of aerobic scope. However, red muscle showed similar effects of temperature on both resting and maximum metabolism as that seen in whole fish, increasing the standard metabolic rate at high temperatures but not affecting the maximum metabolic rate. Further, red muscle power output was significantly reduced at high temperatures while metabolic rate was not, potentially implicating the cost of maintenance of muscle as one contributing factor to the high mortality rate of fish at high temperatures.
- ItemOpen AccessDispersal studies of mountain pine beetles(2009) Reid, Tyler Gordon; Reid, Mary L.
- ItemOpen AccessEcological and behavioural factors affecting philopatry and life history patterns of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) in the southern Alberta prairie region(2021-01-11) Holland, Berna-Dean; Ruckstuhl, Kathreen E.; Neuhaus, Peter; Ruckstuhl, Kathreen E.; Neuhaus, Peter; Barclay, Robert M. R.; Reid, Mary L.; Sicotte, PascalThe personality of an individual greatly influences its fitness. Yet, most conclusions about fitness, are often drawn from a population level perspective. In this thesis, I underline the importance of studying personality in behavioural ecology, and conservation. This thesis is the product of three years of research into personality, philopatry, and the life-history of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris), occurring in the extreme southern region of Alberta. My research methodology involved a hybrid approach, incorporating both my Métis-Indigenous way of exploring, and experiments drawn from standardized methodologies of western science. This thesis represents the first detailed study of yellow-bellied marmots living within the prairie ecozone of southern Alberta Canada; one of the most northern ranges of this species. In Chapter 1, I present my observational findings of ecology and general life history patterns of this species as it occurs in this region. In chapter 2, I present my investigation into whether personality and sex of individual yellow-bellied marmots living in this region, play a significant role in philopatry; the tendency of individual offspring to remain within their natal home. The experiments revealed consistent response of individual marmots across a variety of situations representing an anti-predator context. However, the only factor found to have an effect on philopatry, was the sex of individuals. I end with a summary of my results and recommendations for future research.
- ItemOpen AccessEcological consequences of forest thinning for bark beetles (coleoptera: scolytidae): direct and indirect effects(2004) Simpson, Colleen Melanie; Reid, Mary L.
- ItemOpen AccessEcology of Mite Phoresy on Mountain Pine Beetles(2018-05-04) Peralta Vázquez, Guadalupe Haydeé; Reid, Mary L.; Cartar, Ralph V.; Kutz, Susan J.; Fox, Jeremy W.; Proctor, Heather C.Phoresy, a commensal interaction where smaller organisms utilize dispersive hosts for transmission to new habitats, is expected to produce positive effects for symbionts and no effects for hosts, yet negative and positive effects have been documented. This poses the question of whether phoresy is indeed a commensal interaction and demands clarification. In bark beetles (Scolytinae), both effects are documented during reproduction and effects on hosts during the actual dispersal are largely unknown. In the present research, I investigated the ecological mechanisms that determine the net effects of the phoresy observed in mites and mountain pine beetles (MPB), Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. Using flight mills, I found that MPB flight increased with beetle size and body condition but was not modified by mite abundance. Mites were initially more abundant on larger beetles in better condition, but their dispersal success was similar among all hosts. Host dispersal was costly for both host and mites. Beetles lost mass whereas mites exhibited mortality. In the second study, I determined the number and survivorship of all juvenile stages of MPB development and found neutral effects of mites. Although I found a negative effect of mite abundance despite a positive effect of mite presence during host larval stage, there were no further effects during subsequent stages of beetle development. Moreover, I did not find effects of mites on the number or quality of adult beetle offspring. When observing the distribution of phoretic mites and beetle hosts in the field, I found that the range-expanding behavior of MPB might determine symbiont loss at the leading front of beetle expansion. Three mites were common: Tarsonemus ips, Proctolaelaps subcorticalis, and Trichouropoda australis. Of these species, only T. ips was prevalent among all sites. However, both total mite abundance, considering all three species together, and T. ips abundance alone were comparatively lower in the new area of MPB expansion. In addition, beetle body condition was similar in both historical and new areas of MPB distribution. Given the results, MPB and its phoretic mites sustain a commensalism and the lower distribution of mites may be a consequence of MPB outbreak dynamics.
- ItemOpen AccessEffects of body size on investment in individual broods by male pine engravers (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)(National Research Council Press, 1995) Reid, Mary L.; Roitberg, Bernard D.
- ItemOpen AccessEffects of thinning of mature lodgepole pine stands on diversity and abundance of bark beetles (coleoptera: scolytidae)(1999) Hindmarch, Trevor Dwayne; Reid, Mary L.
- ItemOpen AccessFemale mate choice tactics in a resource-based mating system: field tests of alternative models(University of Chicago Press, 1997-07) Reid, Mary L.; Stamps, Judy A.; Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Calgary
- ItemOpen AccessForest Thinning Affects Reproduction in Pine Engravers (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Breeding in Felled Lodgepole Pine Trees(Entomological Society of America, 2001) Hindmarch, T.D.; Reid, Mary L.; Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of CalgaryReproduction in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is known to be affected by abiotic factors, especiallytemperature, and bythe qualityof individual beetles. Both of these factors are affected byforest structure, yet the effects of forest structure on reproduction in bark beetles have not been widelyshown in Þeld studies. Here we investigate how changes in forest structure due to thinning of mature lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta variety latifolia Engelmann, stands affect reproduction in pine engravers, Ips pini (Say), breeding in felled trees. To do this, we excavated pine engraver gallerysy stems in thinned and unthinned stands at the end of the breeding season. Males in thinned stands attracted more females than in unthinned stands. Also, females in thinned stands extended their egg galleries farther, laid more eggs, and had higher egg densities than in unthinned stands. These results are consistent with increased temperatures in thinned stands, but mayalso be attributable to differences in individual qualityresulting from easier dispersal in thinned stands. Regardless, the observed increases in reproduction likelyreßect higher reproductive success in thinned stands than in unthinned stands, and the effects of thinning on population dynamics of bark beetles should be further investigated.
- ItemOpen AccessHabitat selection by mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in dynamic environments(2005) Elkin, Che Miguel; Reid, Mary L.
- ItemOpen AccessHabitat Use by Boreal Mammals in Response to Salvage Logging After an Insect Outbreak(2018-06-20) Thomas, Julie; Reid, Mary L.; Barclay, Robert Malcolm Ruthven; Galpern, Paul; Harder, Lawrence D.Post-disturbance logging (i.e., salvage logging) is controversial, as it may disrupt forest succession and alter wildlife habitat. I examined habitat use by moose (Alces americanus), snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), lynx (Lynx canadensis), coyotes (Canis latrans), and little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus) in response to salvage logging after a bark beetle outbreak in Yukon, Canada. I monitored species occupancy in beetle-affected forests and salvage-logged stands of different tree retention levels and ages using wildlife cameras and bat detectors. Moose occupancy was highest in low-retention-logged stands with low cover and abundant shrubs. Snowshoe hares occupied stands with dense canopies and avoided logged stands (regardless of retention or age); lynx and coyote used similar habitat to hares. Logging had no significant effect on little brown bats, although bats avoided densely-treed stands. Diverse forest management strategies may benefit the most species, including salvage logging with variable retention and maintaining patches of beetle-affected forest.
- ItemOpen AccessThe Incidence and Implications of Mate Diversity in Seed Plants(2019-09-04) Regel, Colby Elizabeth; Harder, Lawrence D.; Reid, Mary L.; Aizen, Marcelo A.; Samuel, Marcus A.Multiple mating in outcrossing plant species is common. For seed plants, reliance on pollen vectors and mixed pollination resulting from pollen carryover among flowers and visits by multiple vectors to individual flowers generates inevitable polygamy and diverse paternity. Mate diversity can provide direct quantitative benefits when reproduction is limited by mating opportunities and indirect qualitative benefits associated with sampling alternative mates and offspring and spreading the risk of poor mates, offspring and offspring environments. Nevertheless, whether mate diversity is simply an emergent property of cross-pollination or an independent beneficial feature of plant mating systems subject to selection remains unclear. To investigate the influences on and consequences of a maternal plant’s male mate diversity among and within flowers I conducted a meta-analysis of 108 seed plant species and a field experiment with Alstroemeria aurea, an Argentine flowering plant. Analysis of variation in effective mate number, Ep, a Hill number, identified various morphological and ecological influences on maternal mate diversity, with associations differing for among- and within-fruit mate diversity. Most species exhibited a mean Ep of fewer than 10 mates. Larger bodies, abiotic pollination and separation of sex functions greatly increased Ep. Trait correlates of mate diversity were largely consistent with overall promotion of outcrossing but not phylogenetic relatedness. The meta-analysis also revealed novel implications of correlated traits for mate number and the evenness of plant mating portfolios. Specifically, separation of sexual functions within or among flowers seems to promote receipt of diverse compatible pollen. Abundant ovule number per flower increases evenness of mate contributions. Plant traits that influence mate diversity can also play a role in its optimization. Greater mate diversity is not universally advantageous, as illustrated by the field experiment with A. aurea. Effects of experimental pollination with 1, 2 or 4 mates applied separately among or together within flowers identified costs of progamic and offspring bias for fruit and seed production. These quantitative costs can offset the largely qualitative benefits of multiple mating. Thus, mate diversity in plants may often be optimized to maximize the benefit:cost ratio, depending on local conditions of the mating environment. Whether paternal mate diversity is subject to similar optimization remains to be assessed.
- ItemOpen AccessInfluences of Movement Behavior on Animal Distributions at Edges of Homogeneous Patches(2013-01-15) Young, Hilary C.; Reid, Tyler G.; Randall, Lea A.; Lachowsky, Leanna E.; Foster, Danusha J.; Pengelly, Chris J.; Latty, Tanya; Reid, Mary L.We propose that changes in movement behavior may be a proximate mechanism that influences the accumulation of animals at habitat edges. We tested this idea with a combination of empirical and simulation experiments in a resource-free landscape. The movements of individual flour beetles, Tribolium confusum, were tracked across a paper arena edged with invisible tape until beetles crossed the edge. Movement behavior (step lengths and turn angles) and cumulative occupancy were analyzed according to distance from the edge. We found that beetles took smaller steps with larger turn angles near edges than in the center of the arena and that beetle distribution was highly biased towards the edge of the arena. We then tested two agent-based simulation models for each beetle: an edge-independent model and an edge-dependent model. Both models predicted less time spent at the edge than was observed. The proportion of time spent at edges depended on the propensity to cross the edge, which could not be explained by beetle body size or energetic condition. The distribution of animals with respect to habitat edges depends on many factors, but we suggest that proximate mechanisms such as movement behavior should be explicitly considered when interpreting animal distributions.
- ItemOpen AccessLow energy reserves and energy allocation decisions affect reproduction by Mountain Pine Beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae(Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005) Elkin, C. M.; Reid, Mary L.; Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; University of Calgary1. Low internal energy reserves at the beginning of the breeding season may impose physiological constraints on an animal’s reproductive investment and may alter the optimal trade-off between investment in reproduction and somatic condition. 2. Here we examine how the energetic condition of female Mountain Pine Beetles ( Dendroctonus ponderosae ) affects their reproductive investment. We starved beetles to simulate the decrease in energy that accompanies dispersal and tested whether starved beetles had decreased egg number and decreased egg size, or both. We further distinguished whether changes are due to physiological constraints or shifts in allocation between reproduction and somatic condition. 3. We found that starved beetles produced smaller eggs than non-starved beetles, but females were able to partially offset the energetic deficit by feeding at their breeding habitat. Starvation did not decrease the number of eggs beetles produced. 4. The number and size of eggs produced depended on whether females allocated energy to reproduction or to somatic condition. However, this life-history allocation decision was independent of the amount of energy beetles had at the beginning of reproduction. 5. Our results demonstrate the importance of assessing reproductive investment in the context of other life-history trade-offs. Specifically, since egg size in Mountain Pine Beetles was highly dependent on both the amount of energy remaining after dispersal and whether energy was allocated to reproduction or somatic maintenance, we expect both of these trade-offs to be under strong selection.
- ItemOpen AccessMating and fitness consequences of breeding aggregations in pine engraver bark beetles, Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)(2001) Hodnett, Kyle; Reid, Mary L.
- ItemOpen AccessMountain Pine Beetle Detection using IoT(2020-01-06) Rochester, Edward; Ghaderi, Majid; Reid, Mary L.; Jacob, Christian J.The large-scale damage caused by outbreaks of forest pests has significant impact on both the ecosystem and forestry industry. Currently, pest outbreaks are monitored using field, aerial and remote sensing surveys. These methods, however, only provide partial spatial coverage and can detect outbreaks only after they have substantially progressed across wide geographic areas. The goal of this thesis is to build and evaluate an IoT system for real-time Mountain Pine Beetle (MPB) infestation detection using bioacoustic recognition via deep learning techniques. First, we present the design of the IoT system and describe its various hardware and software components. We built our IoT device using LoRa communication technology and DIY components. We use a modified version of an adaptive differential pulse-code modulation for sample encoding to reduce the size of the recorded samples and prepare them for transmission. As a result, 15 packets are required to transmit a single, compressed half-a-second sample. The transmitted samples are then received at a gateway and forwarded to a client-server application for decoding, storing, analysis and visualization. Second, we analyze the MPB bioacoustic characteristics in indoor and outdoor scenarios with the use of live beetles. The samples collected using the designed IoT system hardware were manually analyzed and labeled for the convolutional neural network (CNN) training and testing. To predict the presence of MPB with trees, we evaluate a set of state-of-the-art (SOTA) convolutional neural networks (CNN) architectures on recorded samples and live-measurements. To use CNN we transform the recorded bioacoustic samples into spectrograms. Our evaluation results show that with low-resolution samples provided by the low-power, low data rate IoT devices, the SOTA CNN (specifically, ResNet152) can achieve up to 77% accuracy. We observe that even in the outdoor environment the model still achieves as high as 68% accuracy. We conclude by proposing several approaches for improving the proposed system's performance.
- ItemOpen AccessParasite-induced changes in the behaviour of cestode-infected beetles: adaptation or simple pathology?(National Research Council Press, 1996) Robb, Tonia; Reid, Mary L.