Browsing by Author "Strong, Kayla"

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    1–10-100: Unifying goals to mobilize global action on antimicrobial resistance
    (2024-08-27) Rogers Van Katwyk, Susan; Poirier, Mathieu J. P.; Chandy, Sujith J.; Faure, Kim; Fisher, Caitlin; Lhermie, Guillaume; Moodley, Arshnee; Sarkar, Satyajit; Sophie, Masika; Strong, Kayla; Weldon, Isaac; Hoffman, Steven J.
    Abstract The Bellagio Group for Accelerating AMR Action met in April 2024 to develop the ambitious but achievable 1–10-100 unifying goals to galvanize global policy change and investments for antimicrobial resistance mitigation: 1 Health; 10 million lives saved; and 100% sustainable access to effective antimicrobials. High profile political goals such as the Paris Agreement’s objective to keep global warming well below 2° Celsius compared to pre-industrial levels, UNAIDS’ 90–90-90 goal, and the Sustainable Development Goals challenge global norms, direct attention towards relevant activities, and serve an energizing function to motivate action over an extended period of time. The 1–10-100 unifying goals propose to unite the world through a One Health approach to safeguard human health, animal welfare, agrifood systems, and the environment from the emergence and spread of drug-resistant microbes and infections; save over 10 million lives by 2040 through concerted efforts to prevent and appropriately treat infections while preserving the vital systems and services that depend on sustained antimicrobial effectiveness; and commit to ensuring that antimicrobials are available and affordable for all, used prudently, and secured for the future through innovation. Compared to existing technical targets, these unifying goals offer advantages of focusing on prevention, encouraging multisectoral action and collaboration, promoting health equity, recognizing the need for innovation, and integrating with Sustainable Development Goals. By committing to 1 Health, 10 million lives saved, and 100% sustainable access to effective antimicrobials, we can protect lives and livelihoods today and safeguard options for tomorrow.
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    Factors Associated with Antimicrobial Resistant Enterococci in North American Beef Cattle: A Scoping Review Protocol
    (2021-07-05) Strong, Kayla; Marasco, Kaitlin; Invik, Jesse; Ganshorn, Heather; Reid-Smith, Richard; Waldner, Cheryl; Otto, Simon; Chapman, Brennan; Checkley, Sylvia
    Introduction: Enterococcus spp. is a commensal gram-positive bacterium routinely found in humans and bovines' intestinal tracts; however, it can lead to infection when found outside the intestinal tract.1 There is increasing difficulty in treating Enterococcal infections due to a rise in resistance, particularly multidrug resistance.2 The rise of antimicrobial resistance is a One Health problem resulting from antimicrobial use in human health, animal health, and the environment.3 This research focuses on the connection between animal and human health, and considers the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance within the North American beef cattle production system. The research will identify factors associated with antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. from cow-calf operations up to but not including human beef consumption. This project is a component of the broader iAM.AMR initiative. Objectives: The primary objective is to identify what factors increase or decrease the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. within the North American Beef Cattle Industry, from cow-calf operations to the retail setting. The results will populate a component of an integrated assessment model as a component of the Integrated Assessment Model on Antimicrobial Resistance (iAM.AMR) project, built using Analytica software (Educational Professional license, Lumina) Methods: A double-blinded scoping review following PRISMA guidelines will examine five databases (MEDLINE, BIOSIS Previews, the Web of Science Science Citation Index and Emerging Sources Citation Index, Embase, and CAB Abstracts). The search will consider Enterococcus spp., Antimicrobials, Resistance, beef cattle, and search term variants. Articles identified will be screened at three primary stages: bibliography, title and abstract, and full text. The authors will exclude articles published before 1984 (Enterococcus spp. was designated a species in 1984), journals specific to a livestock species that is not beef cattle, and non-English articles. Articles that are solely In vitro, specific to fermented meat, opinion-based, or not applicable to the North American context will also be excluded. Articles will be included if there is an intervention identified and the AMR impact of the intervention measured. Article information will be charted in an excel spreadsheet. Following the charting process, authors will identify articles to be included in the iAM.AMR Collection of Epidemiologically Derived Associations with Resistance (CEDARS) database. These articles must have an extractable "factor" associated with AMR Enterococcus spp, presented as an odds ratio or prevalence comparison (in text or graph) specific to an "intervention" and "control." The study must use non-selective media and have the total (N) provided for the intervention and control. Relevant data will be collected and coded into an Access (V2103, Microsoft) database. Meta-analysis will occur if two articles examine the same factor and are comparable in the research design and study population.
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    Modeling of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococci Exposure Risks in Canadian Beef Cattle Production System Using Existing Data
    (2024-04-17) Strong, Kayla; Checkley, Sylvia L.; Checkley, Sylvia L.; Kastelic, John Patrick; Otto, Simon James G.; Reid-Smith, Richard; Waldner, Cheryl Lynne; Lhermie, Guillaume; Noyes, Noelle
    Antimicrobial resistance occurs when microbes change, and antimicrobials previously used to treat them are no longer effective. Antimicrobial resistance presents a global risk to health and food safety, with previously treatable infections becoming increasingly costly and challenging. Antimicrobial resistance is a quintessential One Health issue, given its impact and drivers across human, animal, and environmental health, and requires transdisciplinary interpretations and solutions. This thesis considers methods of risk interpretation using a case study of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. within Canadian beef production systems. Five objectives were considered: (1) to identify factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant enterococci within Canadian beef production systems; (2) to construct an integrated assessment model for interpretation of factors potentially associated with antimicrobial-resistant enterococci; (3) to construct a risk profile for interpretation of risks associated with antimicrobial-resistant enterococci in Canadian beef; (4) to construct a Bayesian model for interpretation of enterococci resistance within beef production; and (5) to describe integrated strengths and weaknesses of modeling approaches. Factors assessed for association with antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus spp. within Canadian beef production systems included antimicrobial and nutritional supplement administration to cattle, environmental factors, and type of processing plant. Resistance trends were often nuanced to unique gene and phenotypic resistance. Patterns varied by species of enterococci. When data were available, the integrated assessment model utilized crude odds ratios extracted from identified factors. Limited data for baseline seeding and factor inclusion limited the model's interpretability. Recommendations and best practices are proposed for future model applications. The risk profile was developed to meet the Codex 77 guidelines and demonstrated the scarce evidence of enterococci resistance transference from beef products, and limited human pathogenicity of enterococci from foodborne consumption. The risk profile highlighted the need for Canadian surveillance studies of enterococci in food products for more informed decision-making. The Bayesian model incorporated available evidence with current estimates of enterococci resistance trends, integrating expert opinion within the model. The model suggests that less than 0.3% of beef products carry antimicrobial-resistant E. faecalis. Individual models and risk discussions uniquely fill niches in resistance discussions and interpretations but were insufficient for providing a holistic interpretation required by stakeholders across the production chain. Drawing findings from multiple reports supported a better understanding and enhanced decision-making.