The Second-Generation Cut-Off: Effect on Indigenous People in Canada
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2021-05-07
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Abstract
This report evaluated policy alternatives that would assist in resolving the registration issue of the second-generation cut-off. After two consecutive generations of parenting with an individual who does not hold status, the third generation cannot be registered to obtain Indian status. The eventual result of the second-generation cut-off will be a decline in the population of individuals holding status under the Act, and thus membership in their First Nations community. The Indian Act is the primary law that Canada used to administer Indian status, First Nations governments, management of reserve land and outline obligations to First Nation peoples. The Act contains colonial laws aimed to eliminate First Nations culture by assimilation into Euro-Canadian society. The 1985 Bill C-31 amendment created the second-generation cut-off, and the subsequent 2011 and 2017 Indian Act amendments do not address the second-generation cut-off because it is not a sex-based inequity. The second-generation cut-off is problematic because of the ongoing role the federal government has in registration and the systemic racism it represents, the impact it has on individuals and communities affected, and the eventual impact on the population of Indigenous people who hold Indian status. This paper evaluates policy alternatives by four criteria: 1) Reconciliation, 2) Timelines, 3) Individual Rights, and 4) Population. The alternatives need to further the process of reconciliation between Canada and Indigenous people. Timeliness is important because if an alternative is too lengthy, it could increase the number of descendants affected by the cut-off. Individual and collective rights need to be balanced in an alternative because the cut-off mainly impacts individuals. Lastly, an alternative should increase the population of Indigenous people. The five policy alternatives suggested in this paper are: 1) One-parent Rule for Status, 2) Treaty-Based Status, 3) Re-launch Section 10 Program, 4) Self-Governance Agreements, 5) Dual Indigenous/Canadian Citizenship. The One Parent Rule for status alternative would involve amendments to the Indian Act to allow direct descendants of individuals with a 6(2) parent to become available for status. Treaty-based status involves creating treaty-based status where individuals would register to become a member of a treaty group. Re-launching the existing section 10 option to make it more appealing for more First Nations to transition to and control their band membership. Creating self-government agreements with First Nations could be a policy alternative to remedy the second-generation cut-off because if First Nations were to govern themselves, they would be in full control of their membership. Dual citizenship would recognize First Nations as distinct states and they would control all aspect of their governance including membership. Based on the alternatives outlined, it is recommended that the Government of Canada work toward the alternative of dual Indigenous-Canadian citizenship. However, this alternative will take many years to implement and is not the best option for the short term. Therefore, a combination of other alternatives is recommended. Combining the shorter-term alternatives will better assist in establishing the framework to bring individuals, First Nations, and the Government of Canada towards the long-term alternative for dual citizenship.
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Spolnik, M. (2021). The Second-Generation Cut-Off: Effect on Indigenous People in Canada (Unpublished master's project). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB.