Browsing by Author "Caird, Jeff K."
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Item Open Access Driver eye movements at intersections: a modified flicker method approach(2004) Edwards, Christopher J.; Caird, Jeff K.Inexperienced drivers are involved disproportionately in traffic accidents. Lacking appropriate hazard and decision skills may predispose these individuals to higher crash risks. To understand inexperienced and experienced driver visual behaviour for hazard detection at intersections, twelve less experienced drivers aged 18 to 19 and twelve experienced drivers aged 35 to 48 were shown 36 complex intersection images using a modified flicker method. Twenty-four intersections contained a changing object that was either a pedestrian, vehicle, or a traffic control device. The remaining 12 intersections did not contain a changing object. Visual search was monitored using an eye movement system. Areas of interest were constructed for each image in order to measure visual search behaviour. Less experienced drivers were inclined to fixate on other vehicles within the intersections, compared to experienced drivers who fixated on lights and signs. Time to view the images influenced both turn and object decision accuracy. The less experienced drivers outperformed the experienced group with respect to object detection accuracy. Overall, time to view the intersection, hazard type, and other objects influence driver's visual behaviour and decision making at intersections.Item Open Access The Effects of Cannabis and Alcohol on Driving Performance and Driver Behaviour: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis(2020-08-12) Simmons, Sarah Michelle; Caird, Jeff K.; O'Neill, Thomas A.; Steel, Piers D.G.; Clement, Fiona M.; Asbridge, MarkCannabis is the most frequently used drug in the world, and it is commonly detected in fatal crashes. Epidemiological research indicates that cannabis is associated with an increase in crash risk, but the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. The objective of the current systematic review and meta-analysis is to provide insight into these mechanisms by synthesizing experimental research focused on the effects of cannabis on driving performance and behaviour. Additionally, the experimental literature focused on the effects of alcohol on driving performance and behaviour is synthesized for comparative purposes. The four key aims of this dissertation are to (1) quantify the magnitude of the effect of cannabis on driving performance and behaviour; (2) compare the influence of cannabis to that of alcohol; (3) assess the effect of the combination of cannabis and alcohol on driving performance and behaviour; and, (4) identify knowledge gaps and quality limitations in the extant literature to direct the conduct of high quality research in the future. Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Embase, Scopus, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SportDISCUS and TRID were systematically searched in May 2018. Driving performance and behaviour data from experimental driving studies involving healthy participants of any age and sex collected in driving simulator, closed-course and on-road studies involving cannabis and/or alcohol administration, published in any language, were eligible for inclusion. Of 120 eligible studies, 81 were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. Most notably, cannabis was associated with impaired lateral control and decreased driving speed. Alcohol was associated with a variety of driving performance decrements and increased driving speed. The combination of drugs was associated with greater driving performance decrements than either drug in isolation. Finally, indirect comparisons indicated that the effects of cannabis on experimental driving measures were generally similar to low blood alcohol concentrations. However, imprecision in effect size estimates limits interpretation, and more research in the area is needed. Future research directions and quality recommendations are identified and described to aid in this endeavour. Nonetheless, the meta-analysis indicates that cannabis, like alcohol, impairs driving, and the combination of the two drugs is more detrimental to driving performance than either in isolation.Item Open Access Effects of experience on hazard perception of novice teenage drivers(2010) Milloy, Shaunna Leigh; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access Evaluating automated external defibrillation(2011) Percival, Nicole; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access Instructional design alternatives to help facilitate distance-based cooperative learning projects within a post-secondary framework(1998) Johnson, Brad; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access Looked but failed to see errors(2008) White, Cale Brian; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access Medication container look-a-likes: does colour matter?(2010) Teteris, Lauren Elise; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access Needlestick injuries: blame the system, not the health care worker(1997) McIntosh, Krista R.; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access Practice effects on driver performance during MP3 player interactions(2006) Chisholm, Susan Leigh; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access The effect of in-vehicle railway warning reliability on trust and performance(1999) Chugh, Jasdeep S.; Caird, Jeff K.Item Open Access Training young drivers: the effect of verbal and event-based feedback on drivers' following behaviour and confidence(2003) Creaser, Janet I.; Caird, Jeff K.