Kinesiology
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Leading the way to active, healthy living Kinesiology is the study of human movement, but it is so much more. It’s about finding new ways to improve performance, health and wellness. It’s about working to prevent injuries, and reversing unhealthy trends by helping people return to the activities they love the most after an injury or disease. The Faculty of Kinesiology is nationally and internationally recognized for research and academic excellence. We are committed to creating a healthier, active society through our research.
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Item Open Access A biomechanical study of clamping technique on patellar tendon surface strain and material properties using digital image correlation(Elsevier, 2021-01-01) Firminger, Colin R.; Edwards, W. BrentSeveral clamping techniques exist for ex vivo mechanical testing of tendon. For the patellar tendon, one can choose to clamp directly to the bony attachment sites, the tendon itself, or a combination of the two; however, the influence of these techniques on localized strains and gross material properties is unknown. To this end, uniaxial tensile tests were performed on eleven porcine patellar tendons in three clamping setups while digital image correlation was used to measure axial and transverse strains, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio. The setups involved clamping to: 1) the patella and tibia, 2) the patella and the dissected distal tendon, and 3) the dissected proximal and distal tendon. Axial strains in the tendon-tendon clamping setup were 181% higher than patella-tibia clamping (p = 0.002) and 131% higher than patella-tendon clamping (p = 0.006). Transverse strains were not significantly different between clamping conditions (p ≥ 0.118). Young's modulus was 50% (p < 0.001) greater for patella-tibia clamping and 42% (p < 0.001) greater for patella-tendon clamping when compared to tendon-tendon clamping. For all clamping setups, the tendon illustrated auxetic behaviour (i.e., negative Poisson's ratio); however, the Poisson's ratios were 80% smaller in the patella-tibia setup (p = 0.006) and 71% smaller patella-tendon setup (p = 0.007) compared to the tendon-tendon setup. These results illustrate that discretion should be utilized when reporting material properties derived from mechanical tests involving direct clamping to the dissected patellar tendon at both ends, as this clamping technique significantly increases axial strains, reduces Young's modulus, and alters the tendon's natural auxetic behaviour.Item Open Access A Scoping Review Protocol on Experiential Learning in Higher Education First-Year Undergraduate Courses(2023-11) Christophe, MacKenna; Din, Cari; Hayden, K. AlixItem Open Access Absence of differences between male and female adolescents with prior sport concussion(Wolters Kluwer, 2014-01) Brooks, Brian L; Mrazik, Martin; Barlow, Karen M; McKay, Carly D; Meeuwisse, Willem H; Emery, Carolyn ASex differences following concussion are poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether male and female adolescent athletes with prior concussions differ regarding neurocognitive function and symptom reporting.Item Open Access Age-related Maintenance of Eccentric Strength: A Study of Temperature Dependence(University of Guelph, 2016-06) Herzog, Walter; Power, Geoffrey Alonzo; Dalton, Brian; Flaaten, NordanWith adult aging, eccentric strength is maintained better than isometric strength leading to a higher ratio of eccentric:isometric force production (ECC:ISO) in older than younger adults. The purpose was to investigate the ECC:ISO during electrical activation of the adductor pollicis during lengthening (20-320°∙s-1) contractions in 24 young (n=12, ~24 years) and old (n=12, ~72 years) males across muscle temperatures (Cold; ~19oC, Normal; ~30oC, Warm; ~35oC). For isometric force, the old were 20-30% weaker in the normal and cold conditions (P<0.05) with no difference for the warm condition compared to young (P>0.05). Half-relaxation time (HRT) did not differ across age for the normal and warm temperatures (P>0.05), but slowed significantly for old in the cold condition compared with young (~15%; P<0.05), as well, there was a 20 and 40% increase in muscle stiffness for the young and old, respectively. ECC:ISO was 50-60% greater for the cold condition than the normal and warm conditions. There was no age-difference in ECC:ISO across age for the normal and warm conditions (P>0.05), but for the cold, the old exhibited a 20-35% higher ECC:ISO than young for velocities above 60°∙s-1 (P<0.05). A contributing factor to the elevated ECC:ISO is an increased proportion of weakly- compared to strongly-bound cross-bridges. These findings highlight the relationship (r=0.70) between intrinsic muscle contractile speed (HRT) and eccentric strength in old age.Item Open Access Agreement Statement from the 1st international rodeo research and clinical care conference(Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005-05) Butterwick, Dale J.; Brandenburg, M.A.; Andrews, D.M.; Brett, K.; Bugg, B.H.; Carlyle, K.J.; Freeman, T.R. 3rd; Hiemstra, L.; Lafave, Mark R.; Laird, J.; Lun, V.; Meyer, M.C.; Miller, C.; Mohtadi, N.; Nebergall R.; Temes, R.T.; Teochi, L.F.; Wiley, P.; Meeuwisse, Willem H.; Concussion in Rodeo GroupItem Open Access Alteration of Strain Distribution in Distal Tibia After Triple Arthrodesis: Experimental and Finite Element Investigations(Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 2018-06-01) Chitsazan, Ahmad; Herzog, Walter; Rouhi, Gholamreza A.; Abbasi, MostafaArthrodesis, or fusion of subtalar joints (STJs), is a well-accepted and a routine treatment in the end stage of ankle injuries or disorder, such as arthritis or fractures. Arthrodesis can restore daily life function quickly at the expense of limiting joint motion. A triple arthrodesis (TA) consists of the surgical fusion of the talocalcaneal (TC), talonavicular (TN), and calcaneocuboid (CC) joints in the foot. This study aimed at investigating the effects of TA on strain distribution around tibia near the ankle joint. A finite element (FE) model, generated using computed tomography (CT) images of the human ankle, was then used to estimate stress distribution on the ankle joint surface. Axial load was applied to a human cadaveric ankle before and after TA, and load patterns were determined in various anatomical positions by measuring strain distribution around the tibia. Therefore, the effects of fusion were investigated by comparing strain distribution obtained from experiment and from FE model before and following to fusion. A good agreement between the experiment and FE, for the mean value of experimentally measured strains per the strains determined by FEM was observed (1.4±0.32 before TA, and 1.51±0.49 after TA). Moreover, a wellaccepted point-by-point comparison between FE results and experimentally measured strains was observed with a good correlation coefficient (r=0.94). Results of this study showed that: (1) there was a significant difference in strain magnitude and strain distribution around the tibia before and after TA; (2) the strain and stress were more uniformly distributed after fusion; and (3) the peak strain and stress values were shifted to the lateral and anterolateral portion of the tibia after the fusion. Results of this investigation showed that STJs fusion reduces the average values of strains around the cortical bone through changing the pattern of load transmission at the ankle joint.Item Open Access Alterations in structural macromolecules and chondrocyte deformations in lapine retropatellar cartilage 9 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament transection(Wiley-Blackwell, 2018-01) Han, Sang Kuy; Ronkainen, Ari P.; Saarakkala, Simo J.; Rieppo, Lassi; Herzog, Walter; Korhonen, Rami K.The structural integrity and mechanical environment of the articular cartilage matrix directly affect chondrocyte deformations. Rabbit models of early osteoarthritis at 9 weeks following anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) have been shown to alter the deformation behavior of superficial zone chondrocytes in mechanically loaded articular cartilage. However, it is not fully understood whether these changes in cell mechanics are caused by changes in structural macromolecules in the extracellular matrix. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the proteoglycan content, collagen content, and collagen orientation at 9 weeks post ACLT using microscopic techniques, and relate these changes to the altered cell mechanics observed upon mechanical loading of cartilage. At 9 weeks following ACLT, collagen orientation was significantly (p < 0.05) altered and proteoglycan content was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the superficial zone cartilage matrix. These structural changes either in the extracellular or pericellular matrix (ECM and PCM) were also correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with chondrocyte width and height changes, thereby suggesting that chondrocyte deformation response to mechanical compression in early OA changes primarily because of alterations in matrix structure. However, compared to the normal group, proteoglycan content in the PCM from the ACLT group decreased less than that in the surrounding ECM. Therefore, PCM could play a key role to protect excessive chondrocyte deformations in the ACLT group. 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:342350, 2018.Item Open Access Altered mechanical properties of titin immunoglobulin domain 27 in the presence of calcium(European Biophysics Journal, 2013-04) DuVall, Michael M.; Gifford, Jessica L.; Amrein, Matthias W.; Herzog, WalterTitin (connectin) based passive force regulation has been an important physiological mechanism to adjust to varying muscle stretch conditions. Upon stretch, titin behaves as a spring capable of modulating its elastic response in accordance with changes in muscle biochemistry. One such mechanism has been the calcium-dependent stiffening of titin domains that renders the spring inherently more resistant to stretch. This transient titin-calcium interaction may serve a protective function in muscle, which could preclude costly unfolding of select domains when muscles elongate to great lengths. To test this idea, fluorescence spectroscopy was performed revealing a change in the microenvironment of the investigated immunoglobulin domain 27 (I27) of titin with calcium. Additionally, an atomic force microscope was used to evaluate the calcium-dependent regulation of passive force by stretching eight linked titin I27 domains until they unfolded. When stretching in the presence of calcium, the I27 homopolymer chain became stabilized, displaying three novel properties: (1) higher stretching forces were needed to unfold the domains, (2) the stiffness, measured as a persistence length (PL), increased and (3) the peak-to-peak distance between adjacent I27 domains increased. Furthermore, a peak order dependence became apparent for both force and PL, reflecting the importance of characterizing the dynamic unfolding history of a polymer with this approach. Together, this novel titin Ig-calcium interaction may serve to stabilize the I27 domain permitting titin to tune passive force within stretched muscle in a calcium-dependent manner.Item Open Access Analysis of serum cortisol to predict recovery in paediatric sport-related concussion(2018-02-05) Ritchie, E V; Emery, C; Debert, C TTo study the relationship between acute serum cortisol following pediatric sport-related concussion (SRC) and clinical outcome measures of symptom burden and length to return to sport (RTS) Methods: Prospective observational study of ice hockey players ages 11-12 recruited prior to the hockey season. Players sustaining a SRC were assessed by a sports medicine physician completed a child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-3 (childSCAT-3) and serum cortisol samples.Item Open Access Annual Report 1981(1981) Centre for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1982(1982) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1983(1983) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1984(1984) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1985(1985) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1986(1986) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1987(1987) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1988(1988) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1989(1989) Laboratory for Human Performance StudiesItem Open Access Annual Report 1990(1990) Human Performance LaboratoryItem Open Access Annual Report 1991(1991) Human Performance Laboratory